Parametric polymorphism
Parametric polymorphism is when a function's type signature allows various arguments to take on arbitrary types, but the types must be related to each other in some way.
For example, in Java one can write a function that accepts two arguments of any possible type. However, Haskell goes further by allowing a function to accept two arguments of any type so long as they are both the same type. For example
As a specific (and slightly more complicated) example, the well-known map function has a parametrically polymorphic type
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
which means that the function will accept any type of list and any type of function, provided the types match up. (That is, the function's argument type and the list's element type match.) This makes map highly polymorphic, yet there is still no risk of a runtime type mismatch.