99 questions/21 to 28

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Revision as of 16:10, 13 July 2010

This is part of Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems, based on Ninety-Nine Prolog Problems and Ninety-Nine Lisp Problems.

If you want to work on one of these, put your name in the block so we know someone's working on it. Then, change n in your block to the appropriate problem number, and fill in the <Problem description>,<example in lisp>,<example in Haskell>,<solution in haskell> and <description of implementation> fields.

1 Problem 21

Insert an element at a given position into a list.

Example:

* (insert-at 'alfa '(a b c d) 2)
(A ALFA B C D)

Example in Haskell:

P21> insertAt 'X' "abcd" 2
"aXbcd"

Solutions

2 Problem 22

Create a list containing all integers within a given range.

Example:

* (range 4 9)
(4 5 6 7 8 9)

Example in Haskell:

</haskell> Prelude> range 4 9 [4,5,6,7,8,9] </haskell>

Solutions

3 Problem 23

Extract a given number of randomly selected elements from a list.

Example:

* (rnd-select '(a b c d e f g h) 3)
(E D A)

Example in Haskell:

Prelude System.Random>rnd_select "abcdefgh" 3 >>= putStrLn
eda

Solutions

4 Problem 24

Lotto: Draw N different random numbers from the set 1..M.

Example:

* (rnd-select 6 49)
(23 1 17 33 21 37)

Example in Haskell:

Prelude System.Random>diff_select 6 49
Prelude System.Random>[23,1,17,33,21,37]

Solutions

5 Problem 25

Generate a random permutation of the elements of a list.

Example:

* (rnd-permu '(a b c d e f))
(B A D C E F)

Example in Haskell:

Prelude>rnd_permu "abcdef"
Prelude>"badcef"

Solutions

6 Problem 26

(**) Generate the combinations of K distinct objects chosen from the N elements of a list

In how many ways can a committee of 3 be chosen from a group of 12 people? We all know that there are C(12,3) = 220 possibilities (C(N,K) denotes the well-known binomial coefficients). For pure mathematicians, this result may be great. But we want to really generate all the possibilities in a list.

Example:

* (combinations 3 '(a b c d e f))
((A B C) (A B D) (A B E) ... )

Example in Haskell:

> combinations 3 "abcdef"
["abc","abd","abe",...]

Solutions

7 Problem 27

Group the elements of a set into disjoint subsets.

a) In how many ways can a group of 9 people work in 3 disjoint subgroups of 2, 3 and 4 persons? Write a function that generates all the possibilities and returns them in a list.

Example:

* (group3 '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida))
( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID EVI) (FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
... )

b) Generalize the above predicate in a way that we can specify a list of group sizes and the predicate will return a list of groups.

Example:

* (group '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida) '(2 2 5))
( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID) (EVI FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
... )

Note that we do not want permutations of the group members; i.e. ((ALDO BEAT) ...) is the same solution as ((BEAT ALDO) ...). However, we make a difference between ((ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID) ...) and ((CARLA DAVID) (ALDO BEAT) ...).

You may find more about this combinatorial problem in a good book on discrete mathematics under the term "multinomial coefficients".

Example in Haskell:

P27> group [2,3,4] ["aldo","beat","carla","david","evi","flip","gary","hugo","ida"]
[[["aldo","beat"],["carla","david","evi"],["flip","gary","hugo","ida"]],...]
(altogether 1260 solutions)
 
27> group [2,2,5] ["aldo","beat","carla","david","evi","flip","gary","hugo","ida"]
[[["aldo","beat"],["carla","david"],["evi","flip","gary","hugo","ida"]],...]
(altogether 756 solutions)

Solutions

8 Problem 28

Sorting a list of lists according to length of sublists

a) We suppose that a list contains elements that are lists themselves. The objective is to sort the elements of this list according to their length. E.g. short lists first, longer lists later, or vice versa.

Example:

* (lsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
((O) (D E) (D E) (M N) (A B C) (F G H) (I J K L))

Example in Haskell:

Prelude>lsort ["abc","de","fgh","de","ijkl","mn","o"]
Prelude>["o","de","de","mn","abc","fgh","ijkl"]

b) Again, we suppose that a list contains elements that are lists themselves. But this time the objective is to sort the elements of this list according to their length frequency; i.e., in the default, where sorting is done ascendingly, lists with rare lengths are placed first, others with a more frequent length come later.

Example:

* (lfsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
((i j k l) (o) (a b c) (f g h) (d e) (d e) (m n))

Example in Haskell:

lfsort ["abc", "de", "fgh", "de", "ijkl", "mn", "o"]
["ijkl","o","abc","fgh","de","de","mn"]

Solutions

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99 questions/21 to 28

From HaskellWiki

Revision as of 16:10, 13 July 2010

1 Problem 21

2 Problem 22

3 Problem 23

4 Problem 24

5 Problem 25

6 Problem 26

7 Problem 27

8 Problem 28

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Insert an element at a given position into a list.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (insert-at 'alfa '(a b c d) 2)
 (A ALFA B C D)
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
+<haskell>
 P21> insertAt 'X' "abcd" 2
 "aXbcd"
-</pre>
-Solution:
-<haskell>
-insertAt :: a -> [a] -> Int -> [a]
-insertAt x xs (n+1) = let (ys,zs) = split xs n in ys++x:zs
-</haskell>
-or
-<haskell>
-insertAt :: a -> [a] -> Int -> [a]
-insertAt x ys     1 = x:ys
-insertAt x (y:ys) n = y:insertAt x ys (n-1)
 </haskell>
-There are two possible simple solutions. First we can use <hask>split</hask> from problem 17 (or even <hask>splitAt</hask> from the Prelude) to split the list and insert the element. Second we can define a recursive solution on our own.
+[[99 questions/Solutions/21 | Solutions]]
-As a note to the above solution - this presumes that the inserted argument will be a singleton type <tt>a</tt> inserted into a list <tt>[a]</tt>. The lisp example does not infer this intent. As a result, presuming the data to be inserted is likewise of type <tt>[a]</tt> (which we are tacitly inferring here to be String into String insertion), a solution is:
-<haskell>
-insertAt x xs n = take (n-1) xs ++ x ++ drop (n-1) xs
-</haskell>
-This solution, like many others in this quiz presumes counting element positions  starts at 1, perhaps causing needless confusion.
 == Problem 22 ==
 Create a list containing all integers within a given range.
+Example:
 <pre>
-Example:
 * (range 4 9)
 (4 5 6 7 8 9)
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
+</haskell>
 Prelude> range 4 9
 [4,5,6,7,8,9]
-</pre>
-Solution:
-<haskell>
-range x y = [x..y]
-</haskell>
-or
-<haskell>
-range = enumFromTo
-</haskell>
-or
-<haskell>
-range x y = take (y-x+1) $ iterate (+1) x
-</haskell>
-or
-<haskell>
-range i k
-    | i <= k = i : range (i + 1) k
-    | i > k = []
 </haskell>
-Since there's already syntactic sugar for ranges, there's usually no reason to define a function like 'range' in Haskell. In fact, the syntactic sugar is implemented using the enumFromTo function, which is exactly what 'range' should be.
+[[99 questions/Solutions/22 | Solutions]]
 == Problem 23 ==
 Extract a given number of randomly selected elements from a list.
+Example:
 <pre>
-Example:
 * (rnd-select '(a b c d e f g h) 3)
 (E D A)
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
+<haskell>
 Prelude System.Random>rnd_select "abcdefgh" 3 >>= putStrLn
 eda
-</pre>
-Solution:
-<haskell>
-import System.Random
-import Control.Monad (replicateM)
-rnd_select :: [a] -> Int -> IO [a]
-rnd_select [] _ = return []
-rnd_select l  n
-    | n<0 = error "N must be greater than zero."
-    | otherwise = do pos <- replicateM n $ getStdRandom$randomR (0, (length l)-1)
-                     return [l!!p | p <- pos]
 </haskell>
-In order to use getStdRandom and randomR here, we need import module System.Random.
+[[99 questions/Solutions/23 | Solutions]]
-or using sequence all the way:
-<haskell>
-import Control.Monad (replicateM)
-rnd_select xs n
-    | n < 0     = error "N must be greater than zero."
-    | otherwise = replicateM n rand
-        where rand = do r <- randomRIO (0, (length xs) - 1)
-                        return (xs!!r)
-</haskell>
-Alternative solution:
-The original Lisp problem suggested we use our solution from problem 20. I believe that each item from the list should only appear once, whereas the above solution can reuse items.
-Therefore here is an alternative which uses the "removeAt" function from problem 20:
-<haskell>
-rnd_select :: RandomGen g => [a] -> Int -> g -> ([a], g)
-rnd_select _ 0 gen = ([], gen)
-rnd_select [] _ gen = ([], gen)
-rnd_select l count gen
-   | count == (length l) = (l, gen)
-   | otherwise           =  rnd_select (removeAt k l) count gen'
-                            where (k, gen') = randomR (0, (length l) - 1) gen
-rnd_selectIO :: [a] -> Int -> IO [a]
-rnd_selectIO l count = getStdRandom $ rnd_select l count
-</haskell>
-If the number of items we want is the same as the number of items in the list, then we just return the list. Otherwise we remove a random item from the list and then recurse.
-Another Alternative Solution:
-Since the above Alternative Solution works by removing things to create the target list, it's most efficient when the target list length is > (orig list / 2). Here's another solution that's efficient in the other way (target < (orig list / 2)) by constructing an accumulator list of selected random elements. (This one also uses removeAt from problem 20)
-<haskell>
-rnd_select :: RandomGen g => [a] -> Int -> g -> ([a], g)
-rnd_select ol ocount ogen = rnd_select' ol [] ocount ogen
-   where
-      rnd_select' l acc count gen
-         | count == 0 = (acc, gen)
-         | otherwise   = rnd_select' (removeAt k l) ((l !! k) : acc)
-                           (count - 1) gen'
-                         where (k, gen') = randomR (0, (length l) - 1) gen
-rnd_selectIO :: [a] -> Int -> IO [a]
-rnd_selectIO l count = getStdRandom $ rnd_select l count
-</haskell>
-Note, all of these return IO [a]. Some recent version of GHCi added the ability to display <haskell>IO a</haskell> values at the top level. Hugs (and older GHCi) behaves differently, so an action to actually do IO (putStrLn in the example) is required.
 == Problem 24 ==
 Lotto: Draw N different random numbers from the set 1..M.
+Example:
 <pre>
-Example:
 * (rnd-select 6 49)
 (23 1 17 33 21 37)
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
+<haskell>
 Prelude System.Random>diff_select 6 49
 Prelude System.Random>[23,1,17,33,21,37]
-</pre>
-Solution:
-<haskell>
-import System.Random
-diff_select :: Int -> Int -> IO [Int]
-diff_select n to = diff_select' n [1..to]
-diff_select' 0 _  = return []
-diff_select' _ [] = error "too few elements to choose from"
-diff_select' n xs = do r <- randomRIO (0,(length xs)-1)
-                       let remaining = take r xs ++ drop (r+1) xs
-                       rest <- diff_select' (n-1) remaining
-                       return ((xs!!r) : rest)
 </haskell>
-The random numbers have to be distinct!
+[[99 questions/Solutions/24 | Solutions]]
-In order to use randomRIO here, we need import module System.Random.
 == Problem 25 ==
@@ Line 192: / Line 93: @@
 Generate a random permutation of the elements of a list.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (rnd-permu '(a b c d e f))
 (B A D C E F)
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
-Prelude>rnd_permu "abcdef"
-Prelude>"badcef"
-</pre>
-Solution:
 <haskell>
-rnd_permu xs = diff_select' (length xs) xs
+Prelude>rnd_permu "abcdef"
+Prelude>"badcef"
 </haskell>
-Uses the solution for the previous problem. Choosing N distinct elements from a list of length N will yield a permutation.
+[[99 questions/Solutions/25 | Solutions]]
 == Problem 26 ==
 (**) Generate the combinations of K distinct objects chosen from the N elements of a list
 In how many ways can a committee of 3 be chosen from a group of 12 people? We all know that there are C(12,3) = 220 possibilities (C(N,K) denotes the
 well-known binomial coefficients). For pure mathematicians, this result may be great. But we want to really generate all the possibilities in a list.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (combinations 3 '(a b c d e f))
 ((A B C) (A B D) (A B E) ... )
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
+<haskell>
 > combinations 3 "abcdef"
 ["abc","abd","abe",...]
-</pre>
+</haskell>
-Solution:
+[[99 questions/Solutions/26 | Solutions]]
-<haskell>
--- Import the 'tails' function
---   > tails [0,1,2,3]
---   [[0,1,2,3],[1,2,3],[2,3],[3],[]]
-import Data.List (tails)
--- The implementation first checks if there's no more elements to select,
--- if so, there's only one possible combination, the empty one,
--- otherwise we need to select 'n' elements. Since we don't want to
--- select an element twice, and we want to select elements in order, to
--- avoid combinations which only differ in ordering, we skip some
--- unspecified initial elements with 'tails', and select the next element,
--- also recursively selecting the next 'n-1' element from the rest of the
--- tail, finally consing them together
--- Using list comprehensions
-combinations :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
-combinations 0 _  = [ [] ]
-combinations n xs = [ y:ys | y:xs' <- tails xs
-                           , ys <- combinations (n-1) xs']
--- Alternate syntax, using 'do'-notation
-combinations :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
-combinations 0 _  = return []
-combinations n xs = do y:xs' <- tails xs
-                       ys <- combinations (n-1) xs'
-                       return (y:ys)
-</haskell>
 == Problem 27 ==
@@ Line 263: / Line 140: @@
 a) In how many ways can a group of 9 people work in 3 disjoint subgroups of 2, 3 and 4 persons? Write a function that generates all the possibilities and returns them in a list.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (group3 '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida))
 ( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID EVI) (FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
@@ Line 272: / Line 150: @@
 b) Generalize the above predicate in a way that we can specify a list of group sizes and the predicate will return a list of groups.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (group '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida) '(2 2 5))
 ( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID) (EVI FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
@@ Line 283: / Line 162: @@
 You may find more about this combinatorial problem in a good book on discrete mathematics under the term "multinomial coefficients".
-<pre>
 Example in Haskell:
-<example in Haskell>
+<haskell>
 P27> group [2,3,4] ["aldo","beat","carla","david","evi","flip","gary","hugo","ida"]
 [[["aldo","beat"],["carla","david","evi"],["flip","gary","hugo","ida"]],...]
@@ Line 294: / Line 172: @@
 [[["aldo","beat"],["carla","david"],["evi","flip","gary","hugo","ida"]],...]
 (altogether 756 solutions)
-</pre>
+</haskell>
-Solution:
+[[99 questions/Solutions/27 | Solutions]]
-<haskell>
-combination :: Int -> [a] -> [([a],[a])]
-combination 0 xs     = [([],xs)]
-combination n []     = []
-combination n (x:xs) = ts ++ ds
-  where
-    ts = [ (x:ys,zs) | (ys,zs) <- combination (n-1) xs ]
-    ds = [ (ys,x:zs) | (ys,zs) <- combination  n    xs ]
-group :: [Int] -> [a] -> [[[a]]]
-group [] _ = return []
-group (n:ns) xs = do
-    (g,rs) <- combination n xs
-    gs      <- group ns rs
-    return $ g:gs
-</haskell>
-First of all we acknowledge that we need something like <hask>combination</hask> from the above problem. Actually we need more than the elements we selected, we also need the elements we did not select. Therefore we cannot use the <hask>tails</hask> function because it throws too much information away. But in general this function works like the one above. In each step of the recursion we have to decide whether we want to take the first element of the list <hask>(x:xs)</hask> in the combination (we collect the possibilities for this choice in <hask>ts</hask>) or if we don't want it in the combination (<hask>ds</hask> collects the possibilities for this case).
-Now we need a function <hask>group</hask> that does the needed work. First we denote that if we don't want any group there is only one solution: a list of no groups. But if we want at least one group with n members we have to select n elements of <hask>xs</hask> into a group <hask>g</hask> and the remaining elements into <hask>rs</hask>. Afterwards we group those remaining elements, get a list of groups <hask>gs</hask> and prepend <hask>g</hask> as the first group.
-And a way for those who like it shorter (but less comprehensive):
-<haskell>
-group :: [Int] -> [a] -> [[[a]]]
-group [] = const [[]]
-group (n:ns) = concatMap (uncurry $ (. group ns) . map . (:)) . combination n
-</haskell>
 == Problem 28 ==
@@ Line 330: / Line 183: @@
 a) We suppose that a list contains elements that are lists themselves. The objective is to sort the elements of this list according to their length. E.g. short lists first, longer lists later, or vice versa.
+Example:
 <pre>
-Example:
 * (lsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
 ((O) (D E) (D E) (M N) (A B C) (F G H) (I J K L))
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
-Prelude>lsort ["abc","de","fgh","de","ijkl","mn","o"]
-Prelude>["o","de","de","mn","abc","fgh","ijkl"]
-</pre>
-Solution:
 <haskell>
-import List
+Prelude>lsort ["abc","de","fgh","de","ijkl","mn","o"]
-import Data.Ord (comparing)
+Prelude>["o","de","de","mn","abc","fgh","ijkl"]
-lsort :: [[a]]->[[a]]
-lsort = sortBy (comparing length)
 </haskell>
-This function also works for empty list. Import List to use sortBy.
 b) Again, we suppose that a list contains elements that are lists themselves. But this time the objective is to sort the elements of this list according to their <b>length frequency</b>; i.e., in the default, where sorting is done ascendingly, lists with rare lengths are placed first, others with a more frequent length come later.
-<pre>
 Example:
+<pre>
 * (lfsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
 ((i j k l) (o) (a b c) (f g h) (d e) (d e) (m n))
+</pre>
 Example in Haskell:
-lfsort ["abc", "de", "fgh", "de", "ijkl", "mn", "o"]
-["ijkl","o","abc","fgh","de","de","mn"]
-</pre>
-Solution:
 <haskell>
-import List
+lfsort ["abc", "de", "fgh", "de", "ijkl", "mn", "o"]
-import Data.Ord (comparint)
+["ijkl","o","abc","fgh","de","de","mn"]
-lfsort lists = sortBy (comparing frequency) lists where
-    lengths = map length lists
-    frequency list = length $ filter (== length list) lengths
 </haskell>
-What we need is a function that takes a sublist and counts the number of other sublists with the same length.  To do this, we first construct a list containing the lengths of all the sublists (called lengths above).  Then the function frequency can just count the number of times that the current sublist's length occurs in lengths.
+[[99 questions/Solutions/28 | Solutions]]
 [[Category:Tutorials]]