Automatic Differentiation

Automatic Differentiation enables you to compute both the value of a function at a point and its derivative(s) at the same time.

When using Forward Mode this roughly means that a numerical value is equipped with its derivative with respect to one of your input, which is updated accordingly on every function application. Let the number $x_{0}$ be equipped with the derivative $x_{1}$: $\langle x_{0},x_{1}\rangle$. For example the sinus is defined as:

• $\sin \langle x_{0},x_{1}\rangle =\langle \sin x_{0},x_{1}\cdot \cos x_{0}\rangle$

Replacing this single derivative with a lazy list of them can enable you to compute an entire derivative tower at the same time.

However, it becomes more difficult for vector functions, when computing the derivatives in reverse, when computing towers, and/or when trying to minimize the number of computations needed to compute all of the kth partial derivatives of an n-ary function.

Forward mode is suitable when you have fewer arguments than outputs, because it requires multiple applications of the function, one for each input.

Reverse mode is suitable when you have fewer results than inputs, because it requires multiple applications of the function, one for each output.

Implementations:

• ad (forward, forward w/ tower, reverse and other modes)
• fad (forward mode tower)
• rad (reverse mode)
• Vector-space (forward mode tower)
• Data.Ring.Module.AutomaticDifferentiation(forward mode)

Power Series

If you can compute all of the derivatives of a function, you can compute Taylor series from it.

Implementation with Haskell 98 type classes: http://code.haskell.org/~thielema/htam/src/PowerSeries/Taylor.hs

With advanced type classes in Numeric Prelude: http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/numeric-prelude/0.0.5/doc/html/MathObj-PowerSeries.html

See also

• Functional differentiation
• Chris Smith in Haskell-cafe on Hit a wall with the type system
• Edward Kmett in StackOverflow on Is there any working implementation of reverse mode automatic differentiation for Haskell?
• Edward Kmett in Comonad.Reader on Reverse Mode Automatic Differentiation in Haskell
• Conal M. Elliott in Beautiful Differentiation(video) from. International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) Edinburgh 2009. Kindly recorded and posted by Malcolm Wallace.