Colour

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Revision as of 04:40, 10 July 2009 (edit) Roconnor (Talk | contribs) (Getting Colour Components) ← Previous diff		Current revision (19:35, 29 August 2009) (edit) (undo) Roconnor (Talk | contribs) (black is now exported from Data.Colour)
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		+	[[Category:Libraries]]
		+
	This page provides a short introduction to using the [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/colour colour package] on hackage.		This page provides a short introduction to using the [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/colour colour package] on hackage.
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	You may wish to make a type synonym for this type in your program if you will use it everywhere.		You may wish to make a type synonym for this type in your program if you will use it everywhere.
-	You can always use the <hask>colourConvert</hask> to change to a different internal representation type.	+	You can always use <hask>colourConvert</hask> to change to a different internal representation type.
	== Creating colours ==		== Creating colours ==
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	will produce the colour with those colour coordinates. These <hask>Double</hask> should be in the range [0,1] otherwise the resulting colour would be out of gamut (a colour gamut is a collection of representable colours on a device, such as your monitor).	+	will produce the colour with those colour coordinates. These <hask>Double</hask> should be in the range [0,1] otherwise the resulting colour would be out of gamut (a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut colour gamut] is a collection of representable colours on a device, such as your monitor).
	Lastly, <hask>sRGB24read</hask> and <hask>sRGB24reads</hask> can create colour from string specifications of the form <hask>"#00aaff"</hask> or <hask>"00aaff"</hask>.		Lastly, <hask>sRGB24read</hask> and <hask>sRGB24reads</hask> can create colour from string specifications of the form <hask>"#00aaff"</hask> or <hask>"00aaff"</hask>.
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	will create a new colour that is 25% red, and 75% green. The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out of gamut colour could result.	+	will create a new colour that is 25% red, and 75% green. The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result.
	If you need to blend more than two colours, you can use multiple applications of <hask>blend</hask>, or you can use <hask>affineCombo</hask>. For example,		If you need to blend more than two colours, you can use multiple applications of <hask>blend</hask>, or you can use <hask>affineCombo</hask>. For example,
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	will create a new colour that is 25% red, 50% green, and 25% violet. Again the weights should all be non-negative and the sum of the weights should be no more than 1, otherwise an out of gamut colour could result.	+	will create a new colour that is 25% red, 50% green, and 25% violet. Again the weights should all be non-negative and the sum of the weights should be no more than 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result.
-	Color intensity can be changed by using <hask>darken</hask>. For example,	+	Colour intensity can be changed by using <hask>darken</hask>. For example,
	<haskell>		<haskell>
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	will produce a turquoise that is only 40% of the intensity of normal turquoise.		will produce a turquoise that is only 40% of the intensity of normal turquoise.
-	The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out of gamut colour could result. However if you know that the intensity is low enough, you may safe "darken" by values greater than 1 (which will actually lighten the colour).	+	The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result. However if you know that the intensity is low enough, you may safely "darken" by values greater than 1 (which will actually lighten the colour).
-	Lastly, colours are instance of a <hask>Monoid</hask> so colours can be "added" by using <hask>mappend</hask> (and <hask>mempty</hask> is a quick way to get black). However, like spotlights, adding colours makes more intense colours. Adding colours could take you out of gamut. Unless you specifically know you want to be adding colours, you probably want to be using <hask>blend</hask> instead.	+	Lastly, colours are instance of a [[Monoid]] so colours can be "added" by using <hask>mappend</hask> (and <hask>mempty</hask> is a quick way to get black). However, like spotlights, adding colours makes more intense colours. Adding colours could take you out of gamut by making colours too intense. Unless you specifically know you want to be adding colours (for example, when writing a ray-tracer), you probably want to be using <hask>blend</hask> instead.
	== Getting colour coordinates out ==		== Getting colour coordinates out ==
-	To retrieve the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB sRGB] coordinates of a colour, use the functions found in the <hask>Data.Colour.SRGB</hask> module. To get coordinates as <hask>Double<hask>s (or whatever your internal representation is) use <hask>toSRGB</hask>. For example	+	To retrieve the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB sRGB] coordinates of a colour, use the functions found in the <hask>Data.Colour.SRGB</hask> module. To get coordinates as <hask>Double</hask>s (or whatever your internal representation is) use <hask>toSRGB</hask>. For example
	<haskell>		<haskell>
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	=== RGB triples ===		=== RGB triples ===
-	The type <hask>RGB</hask> is special type of (strict) triple used to store colour coordinates. The functions <hask>channelRed</hask>, <hask>channelGreen</hask>, and <hask>channelBlue</hask> can be used to access the three fields. The constructor <hask>RGB</hask> will created a such a triple. For example,	+	The type <hask>RGB</hask> is special type of (strict) triple used to store colour coordinates. The functions <hask>channelRed</hask>, <hask>channelGreen</hask>, and <hask>channelBlue</hask> can be used to access the three fields. The constructor <hask>RGB</hask> will create such a triple. For example,
	<haskell>		<haskell>
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	useful when working with functions that operate on RGB triples.	+	useful when working with functions that operate on RGB triples. These functions can be found in <hask>Data.Colour.RGBSpace</hask>.
	=== Back to colour coordinates ===		=== Back to colour coordinates ===
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	produces an <hask>RGB Double<hask>. The coordinates output by <hask>toSRGB</hask> will all be between 0 and 1 unless the colour is out of gamut.	+	produces an <hask>RGB Double</hask>. The coordinates output by <hask>toSRGB</hask> will all be between 0 and 1 unless the colour is out of gamut.
	If you want to retrieve the colour coordinates as <hask>Word8</hask>s, use <hask>toSRGB24</hask>		If you want to retrieve the colour coordinates as <hask>Word8</hask>s, use <hask>toSRGB24</hask>
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	</haskell>		</haskell>
-	will produce an <hask>RGB Word8</hask>. Out of gamut channels be clamped to either to the range 0 to 255.	+	will produce an <hask>RGB Word8</hask>. Out-of-gamut channels will be clamped to the range 0 to 255.
	Lastly, the functions <hask>sRGB24show</hask> and <hask>sRGB24shows</hask> will produce colour strings of the form <hask>"#00aaff"</hask>.		Lastly, the functions <hask>sRGB24show</hask> and <hask>sRGB24shows</hask> will produce colour strings of the form <hask>"#00aaff"</hask>.
		+
		+	== Transparent Colour ==
		+
		+	Colours that are semi transparent are represented by the <hask>AlphaColour a</hask> type found in <hask>Data.Colour</hask>. Again the <hask>a</hask> type parameter represents the data type used for the internal representation and would typically be <hask>Double</hask>. You can use <hask>alphaColourConvert</hask> to change the internal representation type of a semi-transparent colour.
		+
		+	Opaque <hask>AlphaColour</hask>s are created from <hask>Colour</hask>s using <hask>opaque</hask>. For example.
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	opaque goldenrod
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	creates an opaque goldenrod. Semi transparent colours can be made using <hask>withOpacity</hask>
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	moccasin `withOpacity` 0.7
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	creates a colour that is 70% opaque and hence 30% transparent.
		+
		+	The value <hask>transparent</hask> is 100% transparent and <hask>transparent == anyColour `withOpacity` 0</hask>.
		+
		+	Like regular colours, semi-transparent colours can be blended using <hask>blend</hask> and <hask>affineCombo</hask>. The function <hask>darken</hask> will darken a semi-transparent colour without affecting its opacity.
		+
		+	To make an existing semi-transparent colour more transparent use <hask>dissolve</hask>. For example,
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	dissolve 0.6 ac
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	will return a semi-transparent colour that is 60% of the opacity of <hask>ac</hask>.
		+
		+	One should avoid dissolving with weights (the first parameter) greater than 1, as you may create invalid "super-opaque" colours. If you know the opacity is less than <hask>x</hask> then you can safely use weights no more than <hask>(recip x)</hask>. Negative weights will also produce invalid "super-transparent" colours.
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	anyColour `withOpacity` opacity == disolve opacity (opaque anyColour)
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	Lastly, the key operation on transparent colours is compositing. Given two semitransparent colours <hask>acTop</hask> and <hask>acBottom</hask>
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	acTop `over` acBottom
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	will produce the semi-transparent colour resulting from acTop being composited over top of <hask>acBottom</hask>. The bottom layer, <hask>acBottom</hask> can be a non-transparent colour (of type <hask>Colour</hask>). In this case the result will also be a non-transparent colour. However, the top layer must be of semi-transparent type (although it could, of course, be opaque).
		+
		+	Compositing is such important operation on semi-transparent colours, that it is the [[Monoid]] instance for <hask>AlphaColour a</hask>. The function <hask>mappend</hask> is <hask>over</hask>, and <hask>mempty</hask> is <hask>transparent</hask>.
		+
		+	=== Getting semi-transparent coordinates ===
		+
		+	The opacity of a semi-transparent colour can be retrieved by the <hask>alphaChannel</hask> function.
		+
		+	The pure colour of a semi-transparent colour <hask>ac</hask> can be retrieved by first compositing the colour over black, then darkening by the reciprocal of the alpha channel.
		+
		+	<haskell>
		+	pureColour :: AlphaColour a -> Colour a
		+	pureColour ac | a > 0 = darken (recip a) (ac `over` black)
		+	| otherwise = error "transparent has no pure colour"
		+	where
		+	a = alphaChannel ac
		+	</haskell>
		+
		+	Note however, that transparent has no pure colour, and this case needs to be handled specially.
		+
		+	This operation is not natively provided because it is an operation that should be avoided. It is only really useful for interfacing with libraries that require pure colour components. Ideally it would be these libraries that implement conversion to and from <hask>Colour</hask>. However, you may find it necessary to implement the conversion functions yourself, in which case you can use the above "trick" to write the conversion function.

---

Current revision

This page provides a short introduction to using the colour package on hackage.

Contents 1 The Colour data type 2 Creating colours 3 Manipulating Colours 4 Getting colour coordinates out 4.1 RGB triples 4.2 Back to colour coordinates 5 Transparent Colour 5.1 Getting semi-transparent coordinates

1 The Colour data type

The data type and its basic operations are found in the module. The type variable is used to specify the numeric type used for the internal representation of the data. Typically one will use:

You may wish to make a type synonym for this type in your program if you will use it everywhere.

You can always use to change to a different internal representation type.

2 Creating colours

A collections of colours given by name can be found in the module. There is also a to convert a string with one of these names into a colour. Be aware that the colour will conflict with the Prelude function unless you hide the Prelude function or import the module qualified. Another way to make a colour is by specifying an RGB triple. These functions can be found in the library. For example, if you have three s named , , and , then

will create the colour with those sRGB colour coordinates.

If you have three s (or whatever you are using for your internal representation) named , , and , then will produce the colour with those colour coordinates. These should be in the range [0,1] otherwise the resulting colour would be out of gamut (a colour gamut is a collection of representable colours on a device, such as your monitor). Lastly, and can create colour from string specifications of the form or .

3 Manipulating Colours

The colour operations are found in the module. The most common operation on colours is . For example,

the function

will create a new colour that is 25% red, and 75% green. The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result.

If you need to blend more than two colours, you can use multiple applications of , or you can use . For example,

will create a new colour that is 25% red, 50% green, and 25% violet. Again the weights should all be non-negative and the sum of the weights should be no more than 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result.

Colour intensity can be changed by using . For example,

will produce a turquoise that is only 40% of the intensity of normal turquoise. The weight parameter (the first parameter) should be between 0 and 1, otherwise an out-of-gamut colour could result. However if you know that the intensity is low enough, you may safely "darken" by values greater than 1 (which will actually lighten the colour).

Lastly, colours are instance of a Monoid so colours can be "added" by using (and is a quick way to get black). However, like spotlights, adding colours makes more intense colours. Adding colours could take you out of gamut by making colours too intense. Unless you specifically know you want to be adding colours (for example, when writing a ray-tracer), you probably want to be using instead.

4 Getting colour coordinates out

To retrieve the sRGB coordinates of a colour, use the functions found in the module. To get coordinates as s (or whatever your internal representation is) use . For example will produce a value of type .

4.1 RGB triples

The type is special type of (strict) triple used to store colour coordinates. The functions , , and can be used to access the three fields. The constructor will create such a triple. For example,

You might find the functions

useful when working with functions that operate on RGB triples. These functions can be found in .

4.2 Back to colour coordinates

Recall that

produces an . The coordinates output by will all be between 0 and 1 unless the colour is out of gamut. If you want to retrieve the colour coordinates as s, use will produce an . Out-of-gamut channels will be clamped to the range 0 to 255. Lastly, the functions and will produce colour strings of the form .

5 Transparent Colour

Colours that are semi transparent are represented by the type found in . Again the type parameter represents the data type used for the internal representation and would typically be . You can use to change the internal representation type of a semi-transparent colour. Opaque s are created from s using . For example. creates an opaque goldenrod. Semi transparent colours can be made using

creates a colour that is 70% opaque and hence 30% transparent.

The value is 100% transparent and . Like regular colours, semi-transparent colours can be blended using and . The function will darken a semi-transparent colour without affecting its opacity. To make an existing semi-transparent colour more transparent use . For example, will return a semi-transparent colour that is 60% of the opacity of . One should avoid dissolving with weights (the first parameter) greater than 1, as you may create invalid "super-opaque" colours. If you know the opacity is less than then you can safely use weights no more than . Negative weights will also produce invalid "super-transparent" colours. Lastly, the key operation on transparent colours is compositing. Given two semitransparent colours and will produce the semi-transparent colour resulting from acTop being composited over top of . The bottom layer, can be a non-transparent colour (of type ). In this case the result will also be a non-transparent colour. However, the top layer must be of semi-transparent type (although it could, of course, be opaque). Compositing is such important operation on semi-transparent colours, that it is the Monoid instance for . The function is , and is .

5.1 Getting semi-transparent coordinates

The opacity of a semi-transparent colour can be retrieved by the function. The pure colour of a semi-transparent colour can be retrieved by first compositing the colour over black, then darkening by the reciprocal of the alpha channel.

Note however, that transparent has no pure colour, and this case needs to be handled specially.

This operation is not natively provided because it is an operation that should be avoided. It is only really useful for interfacing with libraries that require pure colour components. Ideally it would be these libraries that implement conversion to and from . However, you may find it necessary to implement the conversion functions yourself, in which case you can use the above "trick" to write the conversion function.

Category: Libraries