Euler problems/171 to 180

factorial n = product [1..toInteger n]
 
fallingFactorial x n = product [x - fromInteger i | i <- [0..toInteger n - 1] ]
 
choose n k = fallingFactorial n k `div` factorial k
 
-- how many numbers can we get having d digits and p positions
p172 0 _ = 0
p172 d p 
    | p < 4 = d^p
    | otherwise = 
        (p172' p) +  p*(p172' (p-1)) + (choose p 2)*(p172' (p-2)) + (choose p 3)*(p172' (p-3))
    where
    p172' = p172 (d-1)
 
problem_172= (p172 10 18) * 9 `div` 10

problem_173=
    let c=div (10^6) 4
        xm=floor$sqrt $fromIntegral c
        k=[div c x|x<-[1..xm]]
    in  sum k-(div (xm*(xm+1)) 2)

sternTree x 0=[]
sternTree x y=
    m:sternTree y n  
    where
    (m,n)=divMod x y
findRat x y
    |odd l=take (l-1) k++[last k-1,1]
    |otherwise=k
    where
    k=sternTree x y
    l=length k
p175 x y= 
    init$foldl (++) "" [a++","|
    a<-map show $reverse $filter (/=0)$findRat x y]
problems_175=p175 123456789 987654321
test=p175 13 17

--k=47547 
--2*k+1=95095 = 5*7*11*13*19
lst=[5,7,11,13,19]
primes=[2,3,5,7,11]
problem_176 =
    product[a^b|(a,b)<-zip primes (reverse n)]
    where
    la=div (last lst+1) 2
    m=map (\x->div x 2)$init lst
    n=m++[la]

data StepState a = StepState { minDigit  :: a
                             , maxDigit  :: a
                             , lastDigit :: a
                             } deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)
 
isSolution (StepState i a _) = i == 0 && a == 9
neighborStates m s@(StepState i a n) = map (\x -> (x, M.findWithDefault 0 s m)) $
    [StepState (min i (n - 1)) a (n - 1)] ++
    [StepState i (max a (n + 1)) (n + 1)]
 
allStates    = [StepState i a n | (i, a) <- range ((0, 0), (9, 9)), n <- range (i, a)]
initialState = M.fromDistinctAscList [(StepState i i i, 1) | i <- [1..9]]
stepState m  = M.fromListWith (+) $ allStates >>= neighborStates m
numSolutionsInMap    = sum . map snd . filter (isSolution . fst) . M.toList
numSolutionsOfSize n = sum . map numSolutionsInMap . take n $ iterate stepState initialState

import Data.Ratio
 
{-
  After some algebra, we find:
   f1 n x y z = x^(n+1) + y^(n+1) - z^(n+1)
   f2 n x y z = (x*y + y*z + z*x) * ( x^(n-1) + y^(n-1) - z^(n-1) )
   f3 n x y z = x*y*z*( x^(n-2) + y^(n-2) - z^(n-2) )
   f n x y z = f1 n x y z + f2 n x y z - f3 n x y z
   f n x y z = (x+y+z) * (x^n+y^n-z^n)
Now the hard part comes in realizing that n can be negative.  
Thanks to Fermat, we only need examine the cases n = [-2, -1, 1, 2]
Which leads to:
 
f(-2) z = xy/sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
f(-1) z = xy/(x+y)
f(1)  z = x+y
f(2)  z = sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
 
-}
 
unique ::  Eq(a) => [a] -> [a]
unique [] = []
unique (x:xs) | elem x xs = unique xs
              | otherwise = x : unique xs
 
-- Not quite correct, but I don't care about the zeros
ratSqrt :: Rational -> Rational
ratSqrt x = 
  let a = floor $ sqrt $ fromIntegral $ numerator x
      b = floor $ sqrt $ fromIntegral $ denominator x
      c = (a%b) * (a%b)
  in if x == c then (a%b) else 0
 
-- Not quite correct, but I don't care about the zeros
reciprocal :: Rational -> Rational
reciprocal x 
  | x == 0 = 0
  | otherwise = denominator x % numerator x
 
problem_180 =
  let order = 35
      range :: [Rational]            
      range = unique [ (a%b) | b <- [1..order], a <- [1..(b-1)] ]
      fm2,fm1,f1,f2 :: [[Rational]]
      fm2 = [[x,y,z] | x<-range, y<-range, 
            let z = x*y * reciprocal (ratSqrt(x*x+y*y)), elem z range]
      fm1 = [[x,y,z] | x<-range, y<-range, 
            let z = x*y * reciprocal (x+y), elem z range]
      f1  = [[x,y,z] | x<-range, y<-range, 
            let z = (x+y), elem z range]
      f2  = [[x,y,z] | x<-range, y<-range, 
            let z = ratSqrt(x*x+y*y), elem z range]            
      result = sum $ unique $ map (\x -> sum x) (fm2++fm1++f1++f2)
  in (numerator result + denominator result)