Euler problems/31 to 40
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1 Problem 31
Investigating combinations of English currency denominations.
Solution:
This is the naive doubly recursive solution. Speed would be greatly improved by use of memoization, dynamic programming, or the closed form.
problem_31 = ways [1,2,5,10,20,50,100,200] !!200 where ways [] = 1 : repeat 0 ways (coin:coins) =n where n = zipWith (+) (ways coins) (take coin (repeat 0) ++ n)
A beautiful solution, making usage of laziness and recursion to implement a dynamic programming scheme, blazingly fast despite actually generating the combinations and not only counting them :
coins = [1,2,5,10,20,50,100,200] combinations = foldl (\without p -> let (poor,rich) = splitAt p without with = poor ++ zipWith (++) (map (map (p:)) with) rich in with ) ([[]] : repeat []) problem_31 = length $ combinations coins !! 200
2 Problem 32
Find the sum of all numbers that can be written as pandigital products.
Solution:
import Control.Monad combs 0 xs = [([],xs)] combs n xs = [(y:ys,rest)|y<-xs, (ys,rest)<-combs (n-1) (delete y xs)] l2n :: (Integral a) => [a] -> a l2n = foldl' (\a b -> 10*a+b) 0 swap (a,b) = (b,a) explode :: (Integral a) => a -> [a] explode = unfoldr (\a -> if a==0 then Nothing else Just $ swap $ quotRem a 10) pandigiticals = nub $ do (beg,end) <- combs 5 [1..9] n <- [1,2] let (a,b) = splitAt n beg res = l2n a * l2n b guard $ sort (explode res) == end return res problem_32 = sum pandigiticals
3 Problem 33
Discover all the fractions with an unorthodox cancelling method.
Solution:
import Data.Ratio problem_33 = denominator $product $ rs {- xy/yz = x/z (10x + y)/(10y+z) = x/z 9xz + yz = 10xy -} rs=[(10*x+y)%(10*y+z) | x <- t, y <- t, z <- t, x /= y , (9*x*z) + (y*z) == (10*x*y) ] where t=[1..9]
4 Problem 34
Find the sum of all numbers which are equal to the sum of the factorial of their digits.
Solution:
import Data.Map (fromList ,(!)) digits n {- 123->[3,2,1] -} |n<10=[n] |otherwise= y:digits x where (x,y)=divMod n 10 -- 123 ->321 problem_34 = sum[ x | x <- [3..100000], x == facsum x ] where fact n = product [1..n] fac=fromList [(a,fact a)|a<-[0..9]] facsum x= sum [fac!a|a<-digits x]
5 Problem 35
How many circular primes are there below one million?
Solution: millerRabinPrimality on the Prime_numbers page
isPrime x
|x==1=False
|x==2=True
|x==3=True
|otherwise=millerRabinPrimality x 2
permutations n =
take l $ map (read . take l) $
tails $ take (2*l -1) $ cycle s
where
s = show n
l = length s
circular_primes [] = []
circular_primes (x:xs)
| all isPrime p = x : circular_primes xs
| otherwise = circular_primes xs
where
p = permutations x
x=[1,3,7,9]
dmm=(\x y->x*10+y)
x3=[foldl dmm 0 [a,b,c]|a<-x,b<-x,c<-x]
x4=[foldl dmm 0 [a,b,c,d]|a<-x,b<-x,c<-x,d<-x]
x5=[foldl dmm 0 [a,b,c,d,e]|a<-x,b<-x,c<-x,d<-x,e<-x]
x6=[foldl dmm 0 [a,b,c,d,e,f]|a<-x,b<-x,c<-x,d<-x,e<-x,f<-x]
problem_35 =
(+13)$length $ circular_primes $ [a|a<-foldl (++) [] [x3,x4,x5,x6],isPrime a]6 Problem 36
Find the sum of all numbers less than one million, which are palindromic in base 10 and base 2.
Solution:
isPalin [] = True isPalin [a] = True isPalin (x:xs) = if x == last xs then isPalin $ sansLast xs else False where sansLast xs = reverse $ tail $ reverse xs toBase2 0 = [] toBase2 x = (show $ mod x 2) : toBase2 (div x 2) isbothPalin x = isPalin (show x) && isPalin (toBase2 x) problem_36= sum $ filter isbothPalin $ filter (not.even) [1..1000000]
7 Problem 37
Find the sum of all eleven primes that are both truncatable from left to right and right to left.
Solution:
-- isPrime in p35 clist n = filter isLeftTruncatable $ if isPrime n then n:ns else [] where ns = concatMap (clist . ((10*n) +)) [1,3,7,9] isLeftTruncatable = all isPrime . map read . init . tail . tails . show problem_37 = sum $ filter (>=10) $ concatMap clist [2,3,5,7]
8 Problem 38
What is the largest 1 to 9 pandigital that can be formed by multiplying a fixed number by 1, 2, 3, ... ?
Solution:
import Data.List mult n i vs | length (concat vs) >= 9 = concat vs | otherwise = mult n (i+1) (vs ++ [show (n * i)]) problem_38 = maximum $ map read $ filter ((['1'..'9'] ==) .sort) $ [ mult n 1 [] | n <- [2..9999] ]
9 Problem 39
If p is the perimeter of a right angle triangle, {a, b, c}, which value, for p ≤ 1000, has the most solutions?
Solution: We use the well known formula to generate primitive Pythagorean triples. All we need are the perimeters, and they have to be scaled to produce all triples in the problem space.
problem_39 = head $ perims !! indexMax where perims = group $ sort [n*p | p <- pTriples, n <- [1..1000 `div` p]] counts = map length perims Just indexMax = findIndex (== (maximum counts)) $ counts pTriples = [p | n <- [1..floor (sqrt 1000)], m <- [n+1..floor (sqrt 1000)], even n || even m, gcd n m == 1, let a = m^2 - n^2, let b = 2*m*n, let c = m^2 + n^2, let p = a + b + c, p < 1000 ]
10 Problem 40
Finding the nth digit of the fractional part of the irrational number.
Solution:
takeLots :: [Int] -> [a] -> [a] takeLots = t 1 where t i [] _ = [] t i jj@(j:js) (x:xs) | i == j = x : t (i+1) js xs | otherwise = t (i+1) jj xs digitos :: [Int] digitos = d [1] where d k = reverse k ++ d (mais k) mais (9:is) = 0 : mais is mais (i:is) = (i+1) : is mais [] = [1] problem_40 = product $ takeLots [10^n | n <- [0..6]] digitos
Here's how I did it, I think this is much easier to read:
num = concatMap show [1..] problem_40_v2 = product $ map (\x -> digitToInt (num !! (10^x-1))) [0..6]
