Personal tools

Foldl as foldr

From HaskellWiki

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(foldlMaybe)
(foldl using Update monoid)
Line 14: Line 14:
* How can someone find a convolved expression like this?
* How can someone find a convolved expression like this?
* How can we benefit from this rewrite?
* How can we benefit from this rewrite?
 +
 +
 +
== Folding by concatenating updates ==
 +
 +
Instead of thinking in terms of <hask>foldr</hask> and a function <hask>g</hask> as argument to the accumulator function,
 +
I find it easier to imagine a fold as a sequence of updates.
 +
An update is a function mapping from an old value to an updated new value.
 +
<haskell>
 +
newtype Update a = Update {evalUpdate :: a -> a}
 +
</haskell>
 +
We need a way to assemble several updates.
 +
To this end we define a <hask>Monoid</hask> instance.
 +
<haskell>
 +
instance Monoid (Update a) where
 +
mempty = Update id
 +
mappend (Update x) (Update y) = Update (y.x)
 +
</haskell>
 +
Now left-folding is straight-forward.
 +
<haskell>
 +
foldlMonoid :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
 +
foldlMonoid f a bs =
 +
flip evalUpdate a $
 +
mconcat $
 +
map (Update . flip f) bs
 +
</haskell>
 +
Now, where is the <hask>foldr</hask>?
 +
It is hidden in <hask>mconcat</hask>.
 +
<haskell>
 +
mconcat :: Monoid a => [a] -> a
 +
mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
 +
</haskell>
 +
Since <hask>mappend</hask> must be associative
 +
(and is actually associative for our <hask>Update</hask> monoid),
 +
<hask>mconcat</hask> could also be written as <hask>foldl</hask>,
 +
but this is avoided, precisely <hask>foldl</hask> fails on infinite lists.
 +
 +
By the way:
 +
If you use a <hask>State</hask> monad instead of a monoid,
 +
you obtain an alternative implementation of <hask>mapAccumL</hask>.
 +
 +
 +
== foldl which may terminate early ==
The answer to the second question is:
The answer to the second question is:

Revision as of 23:04, 16 February 2009

When you wonder whether to choose foldl or foldr you may remember,

that both
foldl
and
foldl'
can be expressed as
foldr
. (
foldr
may lean so far right it came back left again.) The converse is not true, since
foldr
may work on infinite lists, which
foldl
variants never can do.

It holds 

foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
foldl f a bs =
   foldr (\b g x -> g (f x b)) id bs a

Now the question are:

  • How can someone find a convolved expression like this?
  • How can we benefit from this rewrite?


1 Folding by concatenating updates

Instead of thinking in terms of
foldr
and a function
g
as argument to the accumulator function,

I find it easier to imagine a fold as a sequence of updates. An update is a function mapping from an old value to an updated new value. 

newtype Update a = Update {evalUpdate :: a -> a}

We need a way to assemble several updates.

To this end we define a
Monoid
instance. 
instance Monoid (Update a) where
   mempty = Update id
   mappend (Update x) (Update y) = Update (y.x)

Now left-folding is straight-forward. 

foldlMonoid :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
foldlMonoid f a bs =
   flip evalUpdate a $
   mconcat $
   map (Update . flip f) bs
Now, where is the
foldr
? It is hidden in
mconcat
. 
mconcat :: Monoid a => [a] -> a
mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
Since
mappend
must be associative (and is actually associative for our
Update
monoid),
mconcat
could also be written as
foldl
, but this is avoided, precisely
foldl
fails on infinite lists.

By the way:

If you use a
State
monad instead of a monoid, you obtain an alternative implementation of
mapAccumL
.


2 foldl which may terminate early

The answer to the second question is:

We can write a
foldl
that may stop before reaching the end of the input list

and thus may also terminate on infinite input.

The function
foldlMaybe
terminates with
Nothing
as result when it encounters a
Nothing
as interim accumulator result. 
foldlMaybe :: (a -> b -> Maybe a) -> a -> [b] -> Maybe a
foldlMaybe f a bs =
   foldr (\b g x -> f x b >>= g) Just bs a
Retrieved from "http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Foldl_as_foldr"

Category: Idioms