From HaskellWiki

1 Stand-alone deriving declarations

Bjorn Bringert has recently implemented "stand-alone deriving" declarations, documented briefly here [1]. There are a few loose ends which I summarise here:

1.1 Syntax

The current syntax is

deriving Show for T

There seems to be a consensus that this would be better:

derive instance Show T

1.2 Context on the declaration

Because it looks like a regular instance declaration, it would arguably be reasonable to require the programmer to supply the context. It seems odd to say:

derive instance Show (T a)

and perhaps cleaner to say

derive instance Show a => Show (T a)

(At the moment, the compiler figures out the appropriate context, but at some point that automation may run out of steam.)

1.3 Interaction with "newtype-deriving"

GHC's "newtype deriving mechanism" (see [2]) should obviously work in a standalone deriving setting too. But perhaps it can be generalised a little. Currently you can only say

deriving C a for Foo

newtype Foo = F Int
  newtype Bar = B Bool
  derive instance C Foo Bar

Which of these thee instances do we want?

instance C Foo Bool => C Foo Bar
  instance C Int Bar  => C Foo Bar
  instance C Int Bool => C Foo Bar

The obvious way to signal this is to give the instance context (just as above). This is perhaps another reason for having an explicit instance context in a standalone deriving declaration.

Incidentally, notice that the third of the alternatives in the previous bullet unwraps two newtypes simultaneously. John Meacham suggested this example:

class SetLike m k  where 
  instance SetLike IntSet Int where
 
  newtype Id = Id Int
  newtype IdSet = IdSet IntSet
 
  derive instance SetLike IntSet Int => SetLike IdSet Id

1.4 Duplicate instances

Suppose two modules, M1 and M2 both contain an identical standalone deriving declaration

derive Show T

Then, can you import M1 and M2 into another module X and use show on values of type T, or will you get an overlapping instance error? Since both instances are derived in the very same way, their code must be identical, so arguably we can choose either. (There is some duplicated code of course.)

This situation is expected to be common, as the main use of the standalone feature is to obtain derived instances that were omitted when the data type was defined.