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GPipe/Tutorial

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Contents

1 Introduction

In GPipe, you'll primary work with these four types of data on the GPU:

Let's walk our way through an simple example as I explain how you work with these types. This example requires GPipe version 1.2.1 or later. This page is formatted as a literate Haskell page, simply save it as "box.lhs" and then type 

ghc --make –O box.lhs
box

at the prompt to see a spinning box. You’ll also need an image named "myPicture.jpg" in the same directory (I used a picture of some wooden planks). 

> module Main where
 
> import Graphics.GPipe
> import Graphics.GPipe.Texture.Load
> import qualified Data.Vec as Vec
> import Data.Vec.Nat
> import Data.Vec.LinAlg.Transform3D
> import Data.Monoid
> import Data.IORef
> import Graphics.UI.GLUT
>     (Window,
>     mainLoop,
>     postRedisplay,
>     idleCallback,
>     getArgsAndInitialize,
>     ($=))

Besides GPipe, this example also uses the Vec-Transform package for the transformation matrices, and the GPipe-TextureLoad package for loading textures from disc. GLUT is used in GPipe for window management and the main loop.


2 Creating a window

We start by defining the
main
function. 
> main :: IO ()
> main = do
>     getArgsAndInitialize
>     tex <- loadTexture RGB8 "myPicture.jpg"
>     angleRef <- newIORef 0.0
>     newWindow "Spinning box" (100:.100:.()) (800:.600:.()) (renderFrame tex angleRef) initWindow
>     mainLoop       
 
> renderFrame :: Texture2D RGBFormat -> IORef Float -> Vec2 Int -> IO (FrameBuffer RGBFormat () ())
> renderFrame tex angleRef size = do
>     angle <- readIORef angleRef
>     writeIORef angleRef ((angle + 0.005) `mod'` (2*pi))
>     return $ cubeFrameBuffer tex angle size
 
> initWindow :: Window -> IO ()
> initWindow win = idleCallback $= Just (postRedisplay (Just win))
First we set up GLUT, and load a texture from disc via the GPipe-TextureLoad package function
loadTexture
. In this example we're going to animate a spinning box, and for that we put an angle in an
IORef
so that we can update it between frames. We then create a window with <div class="inline-code">
newWindow
</div>. When the window is created,
initWindow
registers this window as being continously redisplayed in the idle loop. At each frame, the
IO
action
renderFrame tex angleRef size
is run. In this function the angle is incremented with 0.005 (reseted each lap), and a
FrameBuffer
is created and returned to be displayed in the window. But before I explain
FrameBuffer
s, let's jump to the start of the graphics pipeline instead.


3 PrimitiveStreams

The graphics pipeline starts with creating primitives such as triangles on the GPU.Let's create a box with six sides, each made up of two triangles each. 

> cube :: PrimitiveStream Triangle (Vec3 (Vertex Float), Vec3 (Vertex Float), Vec2 (Vertex Float))
> cube = mconcat [sidePosX, sideNegX, sidePosY, sideNegY, sidePosZ, sideNegZ]
 
> sidePosX = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [1:.0:.0:.(), 1:.1:.0:.(), 1:.0:.1:.(), 1:.1:.1:.()] (repeat (1:.0:.0:.()))    uvCoords
> sideNegX = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [0:.0:.1:.(), 0:.1:.1:.(), 0:.0:.0:.(), 0:.1:.0:.()] (repeat ((-1):.0:.0:.())) uvCoords
> sidePosY = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [0:.1:.1:.(), 1:.1:.1:.(), 0:.1:.0:.(), 1:.1:.0:.()] (repeat (0:.1:.0:.()))    uvCoords
> sideNegY = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [0:.0:.0:.(), 1:.0:.0:.(), 0:.0:.1:.(), 1:.0:.1:.()] (repeat (0:.(-1):.0:.())) uvCoords
> sidePosZ = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [1:.0:.1:.(), 1:.1:.1:.(), 0:.0:.1:.(), 0:.1:.1:.()] (repeat (0:.0:.1:.()))    uvCoords
> sideNegZ = toGPUStream TriangleStrip $ zip3 [0:.0:.0:.(), 0:.1:.0:.(), 1:.0:.0:.(), 1:.1:.0:.()] (repeat (0:.0:.(-1):.())) uvCoords
 
> uvCoords = [0:.0:.(), 0:.1:.(), 1:.0:.(), 1:.1:.()]
Every side of the box is created from a regular list of four elements each, where each element is a tuple with three vectors: a position, a normal and an uv-coordinate. These lists of vertices are then turned into <div class="inline-code">
PrimitiveStream
s on the GPU by
toGPUStream
</div> that in our case creates triangle strips from the vertices, i.e 2 triangles from 4 vertices. Refer to the OpenGl specification on how triangle strips and the other topologies works. All six sides are then concatenated together into a cube. We can see that the type of the cube is a
PrimitiveStream
of <div class="inline-code">
Triangle
</div>s where each vertex is a tuple of three vectors, just as the lists we started with. One big difference is that those vectors now are made up of
Vertex Float
s instead of
Float
s since they are now on the GPU.

The cube is defined in model-space, i.e where positions and normals are relative the cube. We now want to rotate that cube using a variable angle and project the whole thing with a perspective projection, as it is seen through a camera 2 units down the z-axis. 

> transformedCube :: Float -> Vec2 Int -> PrimitiveStream Triangle (Vec4 (Vertex Float), (Vec3 (Vertex Float), Vec2 (Vertex Float)))
> transformedCube angle size = fmap (transform angle size) cube
 
> transform angle (width:.height:.()) (pos, norm, uv) = (transformedPos, (transformedNorm, uv))
>     where
>         modelMat = rotationVec (normalize (1:.0.5:.0.3:.())) angle `multmm` translation (-0.5)
>         viewMat = translation (-(0:.0:.2:.())) 
>         projMat = perspective 1 100 (pi/3) (fromIntegral width / fromIntegral height)
>         viewProjMat = projMat `multmm` viewMat
>         transformedPos = toGPU (viewProjMat `multmm` modelMat) `multmv` (homPoint pos :: Vec4 (Vertex Float))
>         transformedNorm = toGPU (Vec.map (Vec.take n3) $ Vec.take n3 $ modelMat) `multmv` norm
When applying a function on the
PrimitiveStream
using
fmap
, that function will be executed on the GPU using vertex shaders. The <div class="inline-code">
toGPU
</div> function transforms normal values like
Float
s into GPU-values like
Vertex Float
so it can be used with the vertices of the
PrimitiveStream
.


4 FragmentStreams

To render the primitives on the screen, we must first turn them into pixel fragments. This called rasterization and in our example done by the function <div class="inline-code">
rasterizeFront
, which transforms
PrimitiveStream
s into
FragmentStream
</div>s. 
> rasterizedCube :: Float -> Vec2 Int -> FragmentStream (Vec3 (Fragment Float), Vec2 (Fragment Float))
> rasterizedCube angle size = rasterizeFront $ transformedCube angle size
In the rasterization process, values of type
Vertex Float
are turned into values of type
Fragment Float
.

For each fragment, we now want to give it a color from the texture we initially loaded, as well as light it with a directional light coming from the camera. 

> litCube :: Texture2D RGBFormat -> Float -> Vec2 Int -> FragmentStream (Color RGBFormat (Fragment Float))
> litCube tex angle size = fmap (enlight tex) $ rasterizedCube angle size
 
> enlight tex (norm, uv) = RGB (c * Vec.vec (norm `dot` toGPU (0:.0:.1:.())))
>     where RGB c = sample (Sampler Linear Wrap) tex uv
Using
fmap
on a
FragmentStream
will execute a function on the GPU using fragment shaders. The function <div class="inline-code">
sample
</div> is used for sampling the texture we have loaded, using the fragment's interpolated uv-coordinates and a sampler state. Once we have a
FragmentStream
of
Color
s, we can paint those fragments onto a
FrameBuffer
.


5 FrameBuffers

A <div class="inline-code">
FrameBuffer
</div> is a 2D image in which fragments from
FragmentStream
s are painted. A
FrameBuffer
may contain any combination of a color buffer, a depth buffer and a stencil buffer. Besides being shown in windows,
FrameBuffer
s may also be saved to memory or converted to textures, thus enabling multi pass rendering. A
FrameBuffer
has no defined size, but take the size of the window when shown, or are given a size when saved to memory or converted to a texture. And so finally, we paint the fragments we have created onto a black
FrameBuffer
. By this we use <div class="inline-code">
paintColor
</div> without any blending or color masking. 
> cubeFrameBuffer :: Texture2D RGBFormat -> Float -> Vec2 Int -> FrameBuffer RGBFormat () ()
> cubeFrameBuffer tex angle size = paintSolid (litCube tex angle size) emptyFrameBuffer
 
> paintSolid = paintColor NoBlending (RGB $ Vec.vec True)
> emptyFrameBuffer = newFrameBufferColor (RGB 0)
This
FrameBuffer
is the one we return from the
renderFrame
action we defined at the top.


6 Screenshot

Image:box.jpg

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Category: Tutorials