Generalised algebraic datatype

• A short descriptions on generalised algebraic datatypes here as GHC language features
• Another description with links on Haskell' wiki

Motivating example

We will implement an evaluator for a subset of the SK calculus. Note that the K combinator is operationally similar to $\lambda \;x\;y\;.\;x$ and, similarly, S is similar to the combinator Failed to parse (unknown function "\z"): {\displaystyle \lambda\;x\;y\;\z\;.\;x\;z\;(\;y\;z\;)} which, in simply typed lambda calculus, have types a -> b -> a and (a -> b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c Without GADTs we would have to write something like this:

data Term = K | S | :@ Term Term 
infixl :@ 6
<\haskell>
With GADTs, however, we can have the terms carry around more type information and create more interesting terms, like so:
<haskell>
data Term x where
    K :: Term (a -> b -> a)
    S :: Term ((a -> b -> c)  -> (a -> b) -> a -> c)
    Const :: a -> Term a
    (:@) :: Term (a -> b) -> (Term a) -> Term b
infixl 6 :@
<\haskell>
now we can write a small step evaluator:

eval::Term a -> Term a
eval (K :@ x :@ y) = x
eval (S :@ x :@ y :@ z) = x :@ z :@ (y :@ z)
eval x = x

Since the types of the so-called object language are mimicked by the type system in our meta language, being haskell, we have a pretty convincing argument that the evaluator won't mangle our types. We say that typing is preserved under evaluation (preservation.)

== Example ==
An example: it seems to me that generalised algebraic datatypes can provide a nice solution to a problem described in the documentation of [[Libraries and tools/Database interfaces/HaskellDB|HaskellDB]] project: in Daan Leijen and Erik Meijer's [http://www.haskell.org/haskellDB/doc.html paper] (see PostScript version) on the [http://www.haskell.org/haskellDB/ original HaskellDB] page: making typeful (safe) representation of terms of another language (here: SQL). In this example, the problem has been solved in a funny way with [[Phantom type]]
* we make first an untyped language,
* and then a typed one on top of it.
So we we destroy and rebuild -- is it a nice topic for a myth or scifi where a dreamworld is simulated on top of a previously homogenized world to look like the original?

But solving the problem with GADTs seems to be a more direct way (maybe that's why [http://research.microsoft.com/Users/simonpj/papers/gadt/index.htm Simple unification-based type inference for GADTs] mentions that they are also called as ''first-class phantom types''?)

== Related concepts ==
There are other developed tricks with types in [[Type]], and another way to a more general framework in [[Dependent type]]s. Epigram is a fully dependently typed language, and its [http://www.e-pig.org/downloads/epigram-notes.pdf Epigram tutorial] (section 6.1) mentions that Haskell is closely related to Epigram, and attributes this relatedness e.g. exactly to the presence of GADTs.

The more general problem (representing the terms of a language with the terms of another language) can develop surprising things, e.g. ''quines'' (self-replicating or self-representing programs). More details and links on quines can be seen in the section [[Combinatory logic#Self-replication, quines, reflective programming|Self-replication, quines, reflective programming]] of the page [[Combinatory logic]].

[[Category:Language]]