Memoization

Memoization is a technique for storing values of a function instead of recomputing them each time the function is called.

Memoization without recursion

You can just write a memoization function using a data structure that is suitable for your application. We don't go into the details of this case. If you want a general solution for several types, you need a type class, say Memoizable.

memoize :: Memoizable a => (a->b) -> (a->b)

Now, how to implement something like this? Of course, one needs a finite map that stores values b for keys of type a. It turns out that such a map can be constructed recursively based on the structure of a:

  Map ()            b  := b
  Map (Either a a') b  := (Map a b, Map a' b)
  Map (a,a')        b  := Map a (Map a' b)

Here, Map a b is the type of a finite map from keys a to values b. Its construction is based on the following laws for functions

        () -> b  =~=  b
  (a + a') -> b  =~=  (a -> b) × (a' -> b) -- = case analysis
  (a × a') -> b  =~=  a -> (a' -> b)       -- = currying

For further and detailed explanations, see

• Ralf Hinze: Memo functions, polytypically!
• Ralf Hinze: Generalizing generalized tries
• Conal Elliott: Elegant memoization with functional memo tries and other posts on memoization.
• Conal Elliott Denotational design with type class morphisms, section 9 (Memo tries).

Memoization with recursion

Things become more complicated if the function is recursively defined and it should use memoized calls to itself. A classic example is the recursive computation of Fibonacci numbers.

The naive implementation of Fibonacci numbers without memoization is horribly slow. Try slow_fib 30, not too much higher than that and it hangs.

slow_fib :: Int -> Integer
slow_fib 0 = 0
slow_fib 1 = 1
slow_fib n = slow_fib (n-2) + slow_fib (n-1)

The memoized version is much faster. Try memoized_fib 10000.

memoized_fib :: Int -> Integer
memoized_fib = (map fib [0 ..] !!)
   where fib 0 = 0
         fib 1 = 1
         fib n = memoized_fib (n-2) + memoized_fib (n-1)

Memoizing fix point operator

We can divide the functionality of memoized_fib into the actual calculation and the memoization. To recombine the functionality, we will use ordinary function composition (.) and the fix point operator fix (cf. Data.Function):

(.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
(.) f g = \ x -> f (g x)

fix :: (a -> a) -> a
fix f = let x = f x in x

For the calculation, we define the function fib, such that fix fib :: Int -> Integer computes the fibonacci numbers.

fib :: (Int -> Integer) -> Int -> Integer
fib f 0 = 1
fib f 1 = 1
fib f n = f (n - 1) + f (n - 2)

Note, that the recursion is factored out to fix. For the memoization, we write the function memoize. We could also use the function memoizeInt from the next section for this purpose.

memoize :: (Int -> a) -> (Int -> a)
memoize f = (map f [0 ..] !!)

Now, we have all the tools we need to build a memoizing fibonacci function.

fibMemo :: Int -> Integer
fibMemo = fix (memoize . fib)

Let us replace fix by its definition, to see, why this works.

fibMemo = fix (memoize . fib)
        = let x = (memoize . fib) x in x
        = (memoize . fib) fibMemo
        = memoize (fib fibMemo)

Assuming, fibMemo does indeed calculate the fibonacci numbers, it is a perfect candidate to be plugged into fib. So, fib fibMemo :: Int -> Integer also calculates the fibonacci numbers, but the first calculation step is done by fib instead of fibMemo itself. Additionally, memoize is applied to introduce memoization. Let us look at a small example to make the functionality more clear.

  fibMemo 3
= memoize (fib fibMemo) 3
= map (fib fibMemo) [0 ..] !! 3
-- Note: The following step does not exactly follow lazy evaluation.
= fib fibMemo 0 : fib fibMemo 1 : fib fibMemo 2 : fib fibMemo 3 : map (fib fibMemo) [4 ..] !! 3
= fib fibMemo 3
= fibMemo 2 + fibMemo 1
= fib fibMemo 2 + fibMemo 1
= (fibMemo 1 + fibMemo 0) + fibMemo 1
-- Note: Because of the memoization, both “fibMemo 1” terms refer to the same thunk,
--       so it will only be evaluated once.
= (fib fibMemo 1 + fibMemo 0) + fibMemo 1
= (1 + fibMemo 0) + fibMemo 1
= (1 + fib fibMemo 0) + fibMemo 1
= (1 + 0) + fibMemo 1
= 1 + fibMemo 1
-- Remember: “fibMemo 1” was already evaluated, so we can directly replace it by its value.
= 1 + 1
= 2

As we can see, the whole calculation boils down to the definition of fib, while memoize introduces sharing of thunks.

Efficient tree data structure for maps from Int to somewhere

Here we present a special tree data type (data-inttrie) which is useful as memoizing data structure e.g. for the Fibonacci function.

memoizeInt :: (Int -> a) -> (Int -> a)
memoizeInt f = (fmap f (naturals 1 0) !!!)

A data structure with a node corresponding to each natural number to use as a memo.

data NaturalTree a = Node a (NaturalTree a) (NaturalTree a)

Map the nodes to the naturals in this order:

     0
   1   2
  3 5 4 6
 7  ...

Look up the node for a particular number

Node a tl tr !!! 0 = a 
Node a tl tr !!! n =
   if odd n
     then tl !!! top
     else tr !!! (top-1)
        where top = n `div` 2

We surely want to be able to map on these things...

instance Functor NaturalTree where
   fmap f (Node a tl tr) = Node (f a) (fmap f tl) (fmap f tr)

If only so that we can write cute, but inefficient things like the below, which is just a NaturalTree such that naturals!!!n == n:

naturals = Node 0  (fmap ((+1).(*2)) naturals) (fmap ((*2).(+1)) naturals)

The following is probably more efficient (and, having arguments won't hang around at top level, I think) -- have I put more $!s than necessary?

naturals r n =
   Node n
     ((naturals $! r2) $! (n+r))
     ((naturals $! r2) $! (n+r2))
        where r2 = 2*r

Memoising CAFS

Note: This is migrated from the old wiki.

Memoising constructor functions gives you HashConsing, and you can sometimes use MemoisingCafs (constant applicative forms) to implement that.

The MemoisingCafs idiom also supports recursion.

Consider, for example:

wonderous :: Integer -> Integer
wonderous 1 = 0
wonderous x
  | even x    = 1 + wonderous (x `div` 2)
  | otherwise = 1 + wonderous (3*x+1)

This function is not at all understood by mathematicians and has a surprisingly complex recursion pattern, so if you need to call it many times with different values, optimising it would not be easy.

However, we can memoise some of the domain using an array CAF:

wonderous2 :: Integer -> Integer
wonderous2 x
  | x <= maxMemo = memoArray ! x
  | otherwise    = wonderous2' x
  where
        maxMemo = 100
        memoArray = array (1,maxMemo)
                        [ (x, wonderous2' x) | x <- [1..maxMemo] ]
  
        wonderous2' 1 = 0
        wonderous2' x
          | even x    = 1 + wonderous2 (x `div` 2)
          | otherwise = 1 + wonderous2' (3*x+1)

When using this pattern in your own code, note carefully when to call the memoised version (wonderous2 in the above example) and when not to. In general, the partially memoised version (wonderous2' in the above example) should call the memoised version if it needs to perform a recursive call. However, in this instance, we only memoize for small values of x, so the branch of the recursion that passes a larger argument need not bother checking the memo table. (This does slow the array initialization, however.) Thanks to lazy evaluation, we can even memoise an infinite domain, though we lose constant time lookup. This data structure is O(log N):

type MemoTable a = [(Integer, BinTree a)]
data BinTree a = Leaf a | Node Integer (BinTree a) (BinTree a)
 
wonderous3 :: Integer -> Integer
wonderous3 x
  = searchMemoTable x memoTable
  where
        memoTable :: MemoTable Integer
        memoTable = buildMemoTable 1 5

        buildMemoTable n i
            = (nextn, buildMemoTable' n i) : buildMemoTable nextn (i+1)
            where
                nextn = n + 2^i

                buildMemoTable' base 0
                    = Leaf (wonderous3' base)
                buildMemoTable' base i
                    = Node (base + midSize)
                           (buildMemoTable' base (i-1))
                           (buildMemoTable' (base + midSize) (i-1))
                    where
                        midSize = 2 ^ (i-1)
 
        searchMemoTable x ((x',tree):ms)
            | x < x'    = searchMemoTree x tree
            | otherwise = searchMemoTable x ms

        searchMemoTree x (Leaf y) = y
        searchMemoTree x (Node mid l r)
            | x < mid   = searchMemoTree x l
            | otherwise = searchMemoTree x r
 
        wonderous3' 1 = 0
        wonderous3' x
          | even x    = 1 + wonderous3 (x `div` 2)
          | otherwise = 1 + wonderous3 (3*x+1)

Naturally, these techniques can be combined, say, by using a fast CAF data structure for the most common part of the domain and an infinite CAF data structure for the rest.

-- AndrewBromage

Memoizing polymorphic functions

What about memoizing polymorphic functions defined with polymorphic recursion? How can such functions be memoized? The caching data structures used in memoization typically handle only one type of argument at a time. For instance, one can have finite maps of differing types, but each concrete finite map holds just one type of key and one type of value.

See the discussion on Memoizing polymorphic functions, part one and part two, as well as Memoizing polymorphic functions via unmemoization.

See also

• Haskell-Cafe "speeding up fibonacci with memoizing"
• Haskell-Cafe about memoization utility function
• Haskell-Cafe "memoisation"
• Haskell-Cafe about Memoization and Data.Map
• http://programming.reddit.com/info/16ofr/comments
• Monadic Memoization Mixins by Daniel Brown and William R. Cook
• data-memocombinators: Combinators for building memo tables.
• MemoTrie: Trie-based memo functions
• monad-memo: memoization monad transformer
• memoize: uses Template Haskell to derive memoization code
• array-memoize: memoize finite (and/or discrete) sub-domains of a function using arrays