Numeric Haskell: A Vector Tutorial
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Revision as of 05:07, 16 February 2010
Vector is a Haskell library for working with arrays, with an emphasis on raw performance, whilst retaining a rich interface. The main data types are boxed and unboxed arrays, and arrays may be immutable (pure), or mutable. Arrays are indexed by non-negativeInt
The vector library has an API similar to the famous Haskell list library, with many of the same names.
This tutorial is modelled on the NumPy tutorial.
1 Quick Tour
Here is a quick overview to get you started.
1.1 Importing the library
Download the vector package:
$ cabal install vector
and import it as, for boxed arrays:
import qualified Data.Vector as V
or:
import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed as V
for unboxed arrays. The library needs to be imported qualified as it shares the same function names as list operations in the Prelude.
1.2 Generating Vectors
New vectors can be generated in many ways:
$ ghci GHCi, version 6.12.1: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/ :? for help Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done. Loading package integer-gmp ... linking ... done. Loading package base ... linking ... done. Loading package ffi-1.0 ... linking ... done. Prelude> :m + Data.Vector -- Generating a vector from a list: Prelude Data.Vector> let a = fromList [10, 20, 30, 40] Prelude Data.Vector> a fromList [10,20,30,40] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Or filled from a sequence Prelude Data.Vector> enumFromStepN 10 10 4 fromList [10,20,30,40] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- A vector created from four consecutive values Prelude Data.Vector> enumFromN 10 4 fromList [10,11,12,13] :: Data.Vector.Vector
You can also build vectors using operations similar to lists:
-- The empty vector Prelude Data.Vector> empty fromList [] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- A vector of length one Prelude Data.Vector> singleton 2 fromList [2] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- A vector of length 10, filled with the value '2' -- Note that to disambiguate names, -- and avoid a clash with the Prelude, -- with use the full path to the Vector module Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.replicate 10 2 fromList [2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2] :: Data.Vector.Vector
In general, you may construct new vectors by applying a function to the index space:
Prelude Data.Vector> generate 10 (^2) fromList [0,1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81] :: Data.Vector.Vector
Vectors may have more than one dimension:
-- Here we create a two dimensional vector, 10 columns, -- each row filled with the row index. Prelude Data.Vector> let x = generate 10 (\n -> Data.Vector.replicate 10 n) -- The type is "Vector of Vector of Ints" Prelude Data.Vector> :t x x :: Vector (Vector Int)
Vectors may be grown or shrunk arbitrarily:
Prelude Data.Vector> let y = Data.Vector.enumFromTo 0 11 Prelude Data.Vector> y fromList [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Take the first 3 elements as a new vector Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.take 3 y fromList [0,1,2] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Duplicate and join the vector Prelude Data.Vector> y Data.Vector.++ y fromList [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] :: Data.Vector.Vector
1.3 Modifying vectors
Just as with lists, you can iterate (map) over arrays, reduce them (fold), filter them, or join them in various ways:
-- mapping a function over the elements of a vector Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.map (^2) y fromList [0,1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Extract only the odd elements from a vector Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.filter odd y fromList [1,3,5,7,9,11] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Reduce a vector Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.foldl (+) 0 y 66 -- Take a scan (partial results from a reduction): Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.scanl (+) 0 y fromList [0,0,1,3,6,10,15,21,28,36,45,55,66] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Zip two arrays pairwise, into an array of pairs Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.zip y y fromList [(0,0),(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6),(7,7),(8,8),(9,9),(10,10),(11,11)] :: Data.Vector.Vector
1.4 Indexing vectors
And like all good arrays, you can index them in various ways:
-- Take the first element Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.head y 0 -- Take the last element Prelude Data.Vector> Data.Vector.tail y fromList [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] :: Data.Vector.Vector -- Take an arbitrary element Prelude Data.Vector> y ! 4 4
