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1 General Syntax

1.1 Comments

  {- A multiline comment
     which can continue for many lines
  -}

  -- a single line comment

1.2 Conditionals

1.2.1 if

 if conditional then truePart else falsePart
 if a == 12 then 14 else 22

1.2.2 case

 case exp of
     Pattern1  -> action1
     Pattern2  -> action2
     _         -> else_action

 case x of
     []  -> 0
     [x] -> 1
     _   -> -1

1.2.3 Function pattern matching

 f [ ] = 0
 f [x] = 1
 f _   = -1

1.2.4 Function conditionals (guards)

 f x | x == []        = 1
     | length x == 12 = 15
     | otherwise      = -1

1.3 Saving work

1.3.1 where

 f x = i * i
     where i = g x

1.3.2 let in

 f x = let i = g x
       in i * i

1.4 Declaring types

1.4.1 data

 data List = Cons Int List
           | Nil
           deriving (Eq, Show, Ord)

1.4.2 type (type synonymns)

 type String = [Char]
 type Name = TypeValue

1.4.3 class

 class Check a where
     test :: a -> Bool
     force :: a -> a

1.4.4 instance

 instance Show List where
     show x = "No show"

1.5 Calling functions

1.5.1 Named functions

 myFunc :: Int -> Int -> Int
 result = myFunc 1 2
 result = 1 `myFunc` 2
 result = (myFunc 1) 2
 result = (`myFunc` 2) 1

1.5.2 Operators (and sections)

 (+) :: Int -> Int -> Int
 result = 1 + 2
 result = (+) 1 2
 result = (1 +) 2
 result = (+ 2) 1

1.5.3 Useful functions

 myFunc 1 2 == (flip myFunc) 2 1
 (f . g) x == f (g x)
 f (a+b) == f $ a+b

1.5.4 Lambda Expressions

 myFunc = (\ a b -> a + b)
 result = map (\x -> head x) xs

1.6 List Expressions

1.6.1 ..

 [1..] = [1,2,3,4,5,6...
 [1..5] = [1,2,3,4,5]
 [1,3..5] = [1,3,5]

1.6.2 List Comprehensions

 [ x*x | x <- [1..3] ] ==> [1,4,9]
 [ (x, y) | x < - [1..3], y <- "ab"] ==> 
    [(1,'a'),(1,'b'),(2,'a'),(2,'b'),(3,'a'),(3,'b')]
 [ (x,y) | x <- [1..4], even x, y <- "ab" ] ==>
    [(2,'a'),(2,'b'),(4,'a'),(4,'b')]
 map f xs ==> [ f x | x <- xs ]
 filter p xs ==> [ x | x <- xs, p x ]

2 Hello World

main = putStrLn "Hello World"

3 Snippets

3.1 fst3 :: (a, b, c) -> a

 snd3 :: (a, b, c) -> b
 thd3 :: (a, b, c) -> c

 fst3 (x,_,_) = x
 snd3 (_,x,_) = x
 thd3 (_,_,x) = x

3.2 ordPair :: Ord a => a -> a -> (a, a)

 ordPair x y = if x < y then (x, y) else (y, x)

3.3 lenXX# :: [a] -> Bool

 lenEq0 = null
 lenNe0 = not . null

 lenEq1 [x] = True
 lenEq1  _  = False

 lenGt1 [x] = False
 lenGt1 [ ] = False
 lenGt1  _  = True

3.4 sortUnique :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]

 sortUnique []  = []
 sortUnique [x] = [x]
 sortUnique xs = mergeUnique (sortUnique a) (sortUnique b)
     where (a,b) = split xs

3.5 split :: [a] -> ([a], [a])

 split []  = ([], [])
 split [a] = ([a], [])
 split (a:b:xs) = (a:as, b:bs)
     where (as,bs) = split xs

3.6 mergeUnique :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

Precondition:

 isUnique(#1) && isUnique(#2)

 mergeUnique a  [] = a
 mergeUnique [] b  = b
 mergeUnique (a:as) (b:bs) =
     case compare a b of
         EQ -> a: mergeUnique as bs
         LT -> a: mergeUnique as (b:bs)
         GT -> b: mergeUnique (a:as) bs

 fix :: Eq a => (a -> a) -> a -> a

 fix f x = if x == x' then x else fix f x'
     where x' = f x

4 Command lines

4.1 For hmake

 hmake Test
 hmake -realclean Test

Where Test is the name of the executable you want to build, i.e. where Test.hs contains the main function.

4.2 For ghc --make

 ghc --make MainModule.hs -o ModuleExec
 ghc --make Module.hs

Where ModuleExec is the name of the output binary you want to make (if main is exported). Module.o will be output for Module.hs, if main is not exported.

4.3 Others

 runhaskell Test.hs

 echo main | ghci -v0 Test.hs

4.4 #! notation

You can also just make single Haskell main modules executable, using a combination of runhaskell and #! notation:

 #!/usr/bin/env runhaskell
 main = putStrLn "hello"

Save this to a .hs file and then make this file executable:

  chmod +x Test.hs

You can now execute this as a normal `script' file:

 $ ./Test.hs 
 hello

Category: Language