<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div>I'm not sure what you're asking by "define type Random [Int]"? Your type Random a will allow a to be any type, e.g. [Int] is perfectly fine.</div><div><br></div><div>If what you're asking is how do you get from Random Int to Random [Int], the usual answer would be to use</div><div><br></div><div>replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m [a]</div><div><br></div><div>which is formulated from</div><div><br></div><div>replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]</div><div><br></div><div>and</div><div><br></div><div>sequence :: Monad m => [m a] -> m [a]</div><div><br></div><div>of course, you're implementing Monad all over again without using the Monad typeclass, so you can't use the library functions pertaining to monads. In your case, I'd build it up the same way the library does it -- create a list of actions, and then use a function to bind all the actions together, e.g.</div><div><br></div><div>rolls :: Int -> [Random Int]</div><div>rolls n = replicate n rollDie</div><div><br></div><div>and then create something that binds them together, usually a foldr, so you could use it like this:</div><div><br></div><div>sequenceRandom :: [Random a] -> Random [a]</div><div>sequenceRandom = ...</div><div><br></div><div>rollNDice :: Int -> Random [Int]</div><div>rollNDice = sequenceRandom . rolls</div><div><br></div><div>-Ross</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><div>On Apr 26, 2009, at 8:45 PM, michael rice wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="position: static; z-index: auto; "><tbody><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;">How do I define type Random [Int] for rollNDice in Exercise 1, given the code below?<br><br>Michael<br><br>============<br><br>Exercises<br><br> 1. Implement rollNDice :: Int -> Random [Int] from the previous subsection with >>= and return.<br><br>NOTE: Since >>= and return are already present in the Prelude, you may want to use import Prelude hiding ((>>=),return) to avoid compilation errors.<br><br>=================<br><br>{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}<br><br>import Prelude hiding ((>>), (>>=), return)<br><br>type Seed = Int<br>type Random a = Seed -> (a, Seed)<br><br>randomNext :: Seed -> Seed<br>randomNext rand = if newRand > 0 then newRand else newRand + 2147483647<br> where newRand = 16807 * lo - 2836 * hi<br> (hi,lo) = rand `divMod` 127773<br><br>rollDie :: Random Int<br>rollDie seed = ((seed `mod` 6) + 1, randomNext seed)<br><br>(>>) :: Random a -> Random b -> Random b<br>(>>) m n = \seed0 -><br> let (result1, seed1) = m seed0<br> (result2, seed2) = n seed1<br> in (result2, seed2)<br><br>(>>=) :: Random a -> (a -> Random b) -> Random b<br>(>>=) m g = \seed0 -> <br> let (result1, seed1) = m seed0<br> (result2, seed2) = (g result1) seed1<br> in (result2, seed2)<br><br>return :: a -> Random a<br>return x = \seed0 -> (x, seed0)<br><br>sumTwoDice :: Random Int<br>sumTwoDice = rollDie >>= (\die1 -> rollDie >>= (\die2 -> return (die1 + die2)))<br><br>rollNDice :: Int -> Random [Int]<br><br><br>--- On <b>Thu, 4/23/09, michael rice <i><<a href="mailto:nowgate@yahoo.com">nowgate@yahoo.com</a>></i></b> wrote:<br><blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255); margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 5px;"><br>From: michael rice <<a href="mailto:nowgate@yahoo.com">nowgate@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Re: [Haskell-cafe] Random number example<br>To: "Ross Mellgren" <<a href="mailto:rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac">rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac</a>><br>Cc: <a href="mailto:haskell-cafe@haskell.org">haskell-cafe@haskell.org</a><br>Date: Thursday, April 23, 2009, 5:49 PM<br><br><div id="yiv1912088525"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; -x-system-font: none;" valign="top">Hi Ross,<br><br>Thanks for going the extra mile. A lot of what you did I haven't seen before, so it's going to take me some time to go through it. But I'll be back.<br><br>Michael<br><br>--- On <b>Thu, 4/23/09, Ross Mellgren <i><<a href="mailto:rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac">rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac</a>></i></b> wrote:<br><blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255); margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 5px;"><br>From: Ross Mellgren <<a href="mailto:rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac">rmm-haskell@z.odi.ac</a>><br>Subject: Re: [Haskell-cafe] Random number example<br>To: "michael rice" <<a href="mailto:nowgate@yahoo.com">nowgate@yahoo.com</a>><br>Cc: <a href="mailto:haskell-cafe@haskell.org">haskell-cafe@haskell.org</a><br>Date: Thursday, April 23, 2009, 11:51 AM<br><br><div id="yiv2081336851">So there are a couple problems. First is you are trying to rebind prelude functions, when instead you should be creating an instance of Monad. This requires a bit of shuffling because without language extensions you can't instance Monad Random for your type of Random, as it is a type synonym. So, changing the type synonym to a newtype and instancing monad, you get:<div><br><div><div><div>module Rand9b where</div><div><br></div><div>import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>), (<*>))</div><div>import Control.Monad (ap, liftM)</div><div><br></div><div>type Seed = Int</div><div>newtype Random a = Rand { unRand :: (Seed -> (a, Seed)) }</div><div><br></div><div>randomNext :: Seed -> Seed</div><div>randomNext rand = if newRand > 0 then newRand else newRand + 2147483647</div><div> where newRand = 16807 * lo - 2836 * hi</div><div> (hi,lo) = rand `divMod` 127773</div><div><br></div><div>rollDie :: Random Int</div><div>rollDie = Rand $ \ seed -> ((seed `mod` 6) + 1, randomNext seed)</div><div><br></div><div>instance Monad Random where</div><div> (>>=) = randomBind</div><div> return = randomReturn</div><div><br></div><div>instance Functor Random where</div><div> fmap = liftM</div><div><br></div><div>instance Applicative Random where</div><div> pure = return</div><div> (<*>) = ap</div><div><br></div><div>randomBind :: Random a -> (a -> Random b) -> Random b</div><div>m `randomBind` g = Rand $ \seed0 -> </div><div> let (result1, seed1) = unRand m $ seed0</div><div> (result2, seed2) = unRand (g result1) $ seed1</div><div> in (result2, seed2)</div><div><br></div><div>randomReturn :: a -> Random a</div><div>randomReturn x = Rand $ \ seed0 -> (x, seed0)</div><div><br></div><div>sumTwoDice :: Random Int</div><div>sumTwoDice = (+) <$> rollDie <*> rollDie</div><div><br></div></div><div><br></div><div>I also threw in instances of Functor and Applicative, so that I could simplify sumTwoDice using applicative form (much nicer, no? Applicative is totally rockin')</div><div><br></div><div>Now you need one more thing, a way to convert a series of Random actions into a pure function:</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>runRandom :: Seed -> Random a -> a</div><div>runRandom s f = fst . unRand f $ s </div><div><br></div><div>which now makes what you want to do in GHCi easy and well wrapped:</div><div><br></div><div><div>Prelude> :reload</div><div>[1 of 1] Compiling Rand9b ( rand9b.hs, interpreted )</div><div>Ok, modules loaded: Rand9b.</div><div>*Rand9b> runRandom 0 sumTwoDice</div><div>3</div><div><br></div></div><div><br></div><div>Hope this helps,</div><div>-Ross</div><div><br></div><div><br><div><div>On Apr 23, 2009, at 11:28 AM, michael rice wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><table style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-stretch: inherit;" valign="top">I pretty much followed the sequence of steps that led to this final code (see below), but will be looking it over for a while to make sure it sinks in. In the meantime, I get this when I try to use it (sumTwoDice) at the command line:<br><br>[michael@localhost ~]$ ghci rand9<br>GHCi, version 6.10.1: <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.haskell.org/ghc/">http://www.haskell.org/ghc/</a> :? for help<br>Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done.<br>Loading package integer ... linking ... done.<br>Loading package base ... linking ... done.<br>[1 of 1] Compiling Main ( rand9.hs, interpreted )<br>Ok, modules loaded: Main.<br>*Main> sumTwoDice<br><br><interactive>:1:0:<br> No instance for (Show (Seed -> (Int, Seed)))<br> arising from a use of `print' at <interactive>:1:0-9<br> Possible fix:<br> add an instance declaration for (Show (Seed -> (Int, Seed)))<br> In a stmt of a 'do' expression: print it<br>*Main> <br><br><br>Can I employ a 'do' expression from the command line?<br><br>Also, can I now use functions (>>) (>>=) and 'return' defined in the Prelude and still have this code work?<br><br>Michael<br><br>==================<br><br>{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}<br><br>import Prelude hiding ((>>), (>>=), return)<br><br>type Seed = Int<br>type Random a = Seed -> (a, Seed)<br><br>randomNext :: Seed -> Seed<br>randomNext rand = if newRand > 0 then newRand else newRand + 2147483647<br> where newRand = 16807 * lo - 2836 * hi<br> (hi,lo) = rand `divMod` 127773<br><br>rollDie :: Random Int<br>rollDie seed = ((seed `mod` 6) + 1, randomNext seed)<br><br>(>>) :: Random a -> Random b -> Random b<br>(>>) m n = \seed0 -><br> let (result1, seed1) = m seed0<br> (result2, seed2) = n seed1<br> in (result2, seed2)<br><br>(>>=) :: Random a -> (a -> Random b) -> Random b<br>(>>=) m g = \seed0 -> <br> let (result1, seed1) = m seed0<br> (result2, seed2) = (g result1) seed1<br> in (result2, seed2)<br><br>return :: a -> Random a<br>return x = \seed0 -> (x, seed0)<br><br>sumTwoDice :: Random Int<br>sumTwoDice = rollDie >>= (\die1 -> rollDie >>= (\die2 -> return (die1 + die2)))<br><br></td></tr></tbody></table><br> _______________________________________________<br>Haskell-Cafe mailing list<br><a rel="nofollow">Haskell-Cafe@haskell.org</a><br><a href="http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell-cafe">http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell-cafe</a><br></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div></div></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><br> </div><br>-----Inline Attachment Follows-----<br><br><div class="plainMail">_______________________________________________<br>Haskell-Cafe mailing list<br><a ymailto="mailto:Haskell-Cafe@haskell.org" href="/mc/compose?to=Haskell-Cafe@haskell.org">Haskell-Cafe@haskell.org</a><br><a href="http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell-cafe" target="_blank">http://www.haskell.org/mailman/listinfo/haskell-cafe</a><br></div></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><br> </blockquote></div><br></div></div></body></html>