/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Part of the type checker dealing with predicates and entailment
 *
 * The Hugs 98 system is Copyright (c) Mark P Jones, Alastair Reid, the
 * Yale Haskell Group, and the OGI School of Science & Engineering at OHSU,
 * 1994-2002, All rights reserved.  It is distributed as free software under
 * the license in the file "License", which is included in the distribution.
 *
 * $RCSfile: preds.c,v $
 * $Revision: 1.31 $
 * $Date: 2002/04/11 23:20:20 $
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Local function prototypes:
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static Cell   local assumeEvid        Args((Cell,Int));
#if IPARAM
static Cell   local findIPEvid	      Args((Text));
static Void   local removeIPEvid      Args((Text));
#endif
static List   local makePredAss	      Args((List,Int));
static List   local copyPreds	      Args((List));
static Void   local qualify	      Args((List,Cell));
static Void   local qualifyBinding    Args((List,Cell));
static Cell   local qualifyExpr	      Args((Int,List,Cell));
static Void   local overEvid	      Args((Cell,Cell));

static Void   local cutoffExceeded    Args((Cell,Int,List));
static Cell   local scFind	      Args((Cell,Cell,Int,Cell,Int,Int));
static Cell   local scEntail	      Args((List,Cell,Int,Int));
static Cell   local entail	      Args((List,Cell,Int,Int));
static Cell   local inEntail	      Args((List,Cell,Int,Int));
#if MULTI_INST
static Cell   local inEntails	      Args((List,Cell,Int,Int));
static Bool   local instCompare	      Args((Inst, Inst));
#endif
#if TREX
static Cell   local lacksNorm	      Args((Type,Int,Cell));
#endif

static List   local scSimplify	      Args((List));
static Void   local elimTauts	      Args((Void));
static Bool   local anyGenerics       Args((Type,Int));
static List   local elimOuterPreds    Args((List));
static List   local elimPredsUsing    Args((List,List));
static Void   local reducePreds	      Args((Void));
static Void   local normPreds	      Args((Int));

static Bool   local resolveDefs	      Args((List));
static Bool   local resolveVar	      Args((Int));
static Class  local classConstraining Args((Int,Cell,Int));
#if MULTI_INST
static Bool   local instComp_         Args((Inst,Inst));
#endif

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Predicate assignments:
 *
 * A predicate assignment is represented by a list of triples (pi,o,ev)
 * where o is the offset for types in pi, with evidence required at the
 * node pointed to by ev (which is taken as a dictionary parameter if
 * no other evidence is available).  Note that the ev node will be
 * overwritten at a later stage if evidence for that predicate is found
 * subsequently.
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static List preds;			/* Current predicate assignment	   */

static Cell local assumeEvid(pi,o)	/* Add predicate pi (offset o) to  */
Cell pi;				/* preds with new dict var nd	   */
Int  o; {
    Cell nd = inventDictVar();
    preds   = cons(triple(pi,mkInt(o),nd),preds);
    return nd;
}

#if IPARAM
static Cell local findIPEvid(t)
Text t; {
    List ps = preds;
    for (; nonNull(ps); ps=tl(ps)) {
	Cell p = hd(ps);	
	if (ipMatch(fst3(p), t))
	    return p;
    }
    return NIL;
}

static Void local removeIPEvid(t)
Text t; {
    List ps = preds;
    List *prev = &preds;
    for (; nonNull(ps); ps = tl(ps))
	if (ipMatch(fst3(hd(ps)), t)) {
	    *prev = tl(ps);
	    return;
	} else {
	    prev = &tl(ps);
	}
}
#endif

static List local makePredAss(qs,o)	/* Make list of predicate assumps. */
List qs;				/* from qs (offset o), w/ new dict */
Int  o; {				/* vars for each predicate	   */
    List result = NIL;
    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs))
	result = cons(triple(hd(qs),mkInt(o),inventDictVar()),result);
    return rev(result);
}

static List local copyPreds(qs)		/* Copy list of predicates         */
List qs; {
    List result = NIL;
    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs)) {
	Cell pi = hd(qs);
	result  = cons(copyPred(fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi))),result);
    }
    return rev(result);
}

static Void local qualify(qs,alt)	/* Add extra dictionary args to	   */
List qs;				/* qualify alt by predicates in qs */
Cell alt; {				/* :: ([Pat],Rhs)		   */
    List ds;
    for (ds=NIL; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs))
	ds = cons(thd3(hd(qs)),ds);
    fst(alt) = revOnto(ds,fst(alt));
}

static Void local qualifyBinding(qs,b)	/* Add extra dict args to each	   */
List qs;				/* alternative in function binding */
Cell b ; {
    if (!isVar(fst(b)))			/* check for function binding	   */
	internal("qualifyBinding");
    map1Proc(qualify,qs,snd(snd(b)));
}

static Cell local qualifyExpr(l,ps,e)	/* Add dictionary params to expr   */
Int  l;
List ps;
Cell e; {
    if (nonNull(ps)) {			/* Qualify input expression with   */
	if (whatIs(e)!=LAMBDA)		/* additional dictionary params	   */
	    e = ap(LAMBDA,pair(NIL,pair(mkInt(l),e)));
	qualify(ps,snd(e));
    }
    return e;
}

static Void local overEvid(dv,ev)	/* Overwrite dict var dv with	   */
Cell dv;				/* evidence ev			   */
Cell ev; {
    fst(dv) = nameInd;
    snd(dv) = ev;
}

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Predicate entailment:
 *
 * Entailment plays a prominent role in the theory of qualified types, and
 * so, unsurprisingly, in the implementation too.  For practical reasons,
 * we break down entailment into two pieces.  The first, scEntail, uses
 * only the information provided by class declarations, while the second,
 * entail, also uses the information in instance declarations.
 *
 * scEntail uses the following auxiliary function to do its work:
 *
 *   scFind (e : pi') pi : Find evidence for predicate pi using only
 *			     equality of predicates, superclass entailment,
 *			     and the evidence e for pi'.
 *
 *   scFind (e : pi') pi =
 *
 *      if pi = pi' then
 *          return e
 *
 *      if (pi.class.level < pi'.class.level)
 *	    get superclass entailment pi' ||- P
 *          for each (sc, pi0) in P
 *		if (ev := scFind (sc e : pi0) pi) /= NIL
 *                  return ev
 *
 *      return NIL
 *
 * This code assumes that the class hierarchy is acyclic, and that
 * each class has been assigned a `level', which is its height in
 * the hierachy.  The first of the assumptions guarantees that the
 * algorithm will terminate.  The comparison of levels is an
 * optimization that cuts down the search space: given that superclass
 * entailments can only be used to descend the hierarchy, there is no
 * way we can reach a higher level than the one that we start with,
 * and hence there is no point in looking if we reach such a position.
 *
 * scEntail extends scFind to work on whole predicate assignments:
 *
 *   scEntail P pi : Find evidence for predicate pi using the evidence
 *		     provided by the predicate assignment P, and using
 *		     only superclass entailments.
 *
 *   scEntail P pi =
 *
 *       for each (v:pi') in P
 *	     if (ev := scFind (v:pi') pi) /= NIL
 * 		 return ev;
 *	 return NIL
 *
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Int cutoff = 40;			/* Used to limit depth of recursion*/

static Void local cutoffExceeded(pi,o,ps)
Cell pi;				/* Display error msg when cutoff   */
Int  o;
List ps; {
    clearMarks();
    ERRMSG(0)
	"\n*** The type checker has reached the cutoff limit while trying to\n"
    ETHEN ERRTEXT
	"*** determine whether:\n***     "     ETHEN ERRPRED(copyPred(pi,o));
    ps = copyPreds(ps);
    ERRTEXT
	"\n*** can be deduced from:\n***     " ETHEN ERRCONTEXT(ps);
    ERRTEXT
	"\n*** This may indicate that the problem is undecidable.  However,\n"
    ETHEN ERRTEXT
	"*** you may still try to increase the cutoff limit using the -c\n"
    ETHEN ERRTEXT
	"*** option and then try again.  (The current setting is -c%d)\n",
	cutoff
    EEND;
}

static Cell local scFind(e,pi1,o1,pi,o,d)/* Use superclass entailment to   */
Cell e;					/* find evidence for (pi,o) using  */
Cell pi1;				/* the evidence e for (pi1,o1).	   */
Int  o1;
Cell pi;
Int  o;
Int  d; {
    Class h1 = getHead(pi1);
    Class h  = getHead(pi);
    Cell ev = NIL;

    if (samePred(pi1,o1,pi,o))
	return e;

    if (isClass(h1) && (!isClass(h) || cclass(h).level<cclass(h1).level)) {
	Int  beta  = newKindedVars(cclass(h1).kinds);
	List scs   = cclass(h1).supers;
	List dsels = cclass(h1).dsels;
	List ps = NIL;
	if (!matchPred(pi1,o1,cclass(h1).head,beta))
	    internal("scFind");

	for (; nonNull(scs); scs=tl(scs), dsels=tl(dsels))
	    ps = cons(triple(hd(scs),mkInt(beta),ap(hd(dsels),e)),ps);
	ps = rev(ps);

#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes) {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("scEntail(scFind): ", stdout);
	    printContext(stdout,copyPreds(ps));
	    fputs(" ||- ", stdout);
	    printPred(stdout, copyPred(pi, o));
	    fputc('\n', stdout);
	}
#endif
	improve1(0,ps,pi,o);
	ev = scEntail(ps,pi,o,d);
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes && nonNull(ev)) {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("scSat.\n", stdout);
	}
#endif
	return ev;
    }
    return NIL;
}

static Cell local scEntail(ps,pi,o,d)	/* Calc evidence for (pi,o) from ps*/
List ps;				/* Using superclasses and equality.*/
Cell pi;
Int  o;
Int  d; {
    if (d++ >= cutoff)
	cutoffExceeded(pi,o,ps);

    for (; nonNull(ps); ps=tl(ps)) {
	Cell pi1 = hd(ps);
	Cell ev  = scFind(thd3(pi1),fst3(pi1),intOf(snd3(pi1)),pi,o,d);
	if (nonNull(ev))
	    return ev;
    }
    return NIL;
}

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Now we reach the main entailment routine:
 *
 *   entail P pi : Find evidence for predicate pi using the evidence
 *		   provided by the predicate assignment P.
 *
 *   entail P pi =
 *
 *	 if (ev := scEntail P pi) /= NIL
 *	     return ev;
 *
 *       if there is an instance entailment i : Q ||- pi
 *	     for each pi' in Q
 *		 if (ev := entail P pi') /= NIL
 *		     i := ap(i,ev)
 *		 else
 *		     return NIL
 *	     return i
 *
 *	 return NIL;
 *
 * The form of evidence expressions produced by scEntail can be described
 * by the grammar:
 *
 *    e  =  v  |  sc e            (v = evidence var, sc = superclass sel)
 *
 * while entail extends this to include dictionary expressions given by:
 *
 *    d  =  e  |  mki d1 ... dn   (mki = dictionary constructor)
 *
 * A full grammar for evidence expressions is:
 *
 *    d   =   v   |   sc d   |   mki d1 ... dn
 *
 * and this includes evidence expressions of the form  sc (mki d1 ... dn)
 * that can never be produced by either of the entail functions described
 * above.  This is good, from a practical perspective, because t means
 * that we won't waste effort building a dictionary (mki d1 ... dn) only
 * to extract just one superclass component and throw the rest away.
 * Moreover, conditions on instance decls already guarantee that any
 * expression of this form can be rewritten in the form  mki' d1' ... dn'.
 * (Minor point: they don't guarantee that such rewritings will lead to
 * smaller terms, and hence to termination.  However, we have already
 * accepted the benefits of an undecidable entailment relation over
 * guarantees of termination, and this additional quirk is unlikely
 * to cause any further concern, except in pathological cases.)
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static Cell local entail(ps,pi,o,d)	/* Calc evidence for (pi,o) from ps*/
List ps;				/* Uses superclasses, equality,    */
Cell pi;				/* tautology, and construction	   */
Int  o;
Int  d; {
    Cell ev = NIL;

#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
    if (showInstRes) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	  fputc(' ', stdout);
	fputs("entail: ", stdout);
	printContext(stdout,copyPreds(ps));
	fputs(" ||- ", stdout);
	printPred(stdout, copyPred(pi, o));
	fputc('\n', stdout);
    }
#endif

    ev = scEntail(ps,pi,o,d);
    if (nonNull(ev)) {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes) {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("scSat.\n", stdout);
	}
#endif
    } else {
	ev =
#if MULTI_INST
             multiInstRes ? inEntails(ps,pi,o,d) :
			    inEntail(ps,pi,o,d);
#else
             inEntail(ps,pi,o,d);
#endif
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (nonNull(ev) && showInstRes) {
	    int i;
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("inSat.\n", stdout);
	}
#endif
    }
    return ev;
}

static Cell local inEntail(ps,pi,o,d)	/* Calc evidence for (pi,o) from ps*/
List ps;				/* using a top-level instance	   */
Cell pi;				/* entailment			   */
Int  o;
Int  d; {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
    int i;
#endif
    Inst in;

    if (d++ >= cutoff)
	cutoffExceeded(pi,o,ps);

#if TREX
    if (isAp(pi) && isExt(fun(pi))) {	/* Lacks predicates		   */
	Cell e  = fun(pi);
	Cell l;
	l  = lacksNorm(arg(pi),o,e);
	if (isNull(l) || isInt(l))
	    return l;
	else {
	    List qs = ps;
	    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs)) {
		Cell qi = fst3(hd(qs));
		if (isAp(qi) && fun(qi)==e) {
		    Cell lq = lacksNorm(arg(qi),intOf(snd3(hd(qs))),e);
		    if (isAp(lq) && intOf(fst(l))==intOf(fst(lq))) {
			Int f = intOf(snd(l)) - intOf(snd(lq));
			return (f==0) ? thd3(hd(qs)) : ap2(nameAddEv,
							   mkInt(f),
							   thd3(hd(qs)));
		    }
		}
	    }
	    return NIL;
	}
    }
    else {
#endif

    in = findInstFor(pi,o);	/* Class predicates		   */
    if (nonNull(in)) {
	Int  beta = typeOff;
	Cell e    = inst(in).builder;
	List es   = inst(in).specifics;
	List fs   = NIL;
	for (; nonNull(es); es=tl(es))
	    fs = cons(triple(hd(es),mkInt(beta),NIL),fs);
	fs = rev(fs);
	improve(0,ps,fs);
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes) {
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("try ", stdout);
	    printContext(stdout, copyPreds(fs));
	    fputs(" => ", stdout);
	    printPred(stdout, copyPred(inst(in).head,beta));
	    fputc('\n', stdout);
	}
#endif
	for (es=inst(in).specifics; nonNull(es); es=tl(es)) {
	    Cell ev;
	    improve1(0,ps,hd(es),beta);
	    ev = entail(ps,hd(es),beta,d);
	    if (nonNull(ev))
		e = ap(e,ev);
	    else
		return NIL;
	}
	return e;
    }
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
      else {
	if (showInstRes) {
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fputs("No instance found for ", stdout);
	    printPred(stdout, copyPred(pi, o));
	    fputc('\n', stdout);
	}
    }
#endif
    return NIL;
#if TREX
    }
#endif
}

#if MULTI_INST
static Cell local inEntails(ps,pi,o,d)	/* Calc evidence for (pi,o) from ps*/
List ps;				/* using a top-level instance	   */
Cell pi;				/* entailment			   */
Int  o;
Int  d; {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
    int i;
#endif
    int k = 0;
    Cell ins;				/* Class predicates		   */
    Inst in, in_;
    Cell e_;

    if (d++ >= cutoff)
	cutoffExceeded(pi,o,ps);

#if TREX
    if (isAp(pi) && isExt(fun(pi))) {	/* Lacks predicates		   */
	Cell e  = fun(pi);
	Cell l;
	l  = lacksNorm(arg(pi),o,e);
	if (isNull(l) || isInt(l))
	    return l;
	else {
	    List qs = ps;
	    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs)) {
		Cell qi = fst3(hd(qs));
		if (isAp(qi) && fun(qi)==e) {
		    Cell lq = lacksNorm(arg(qi),intOf(snd3(hd(qs))),e);
		    if (isAp(lq) && intOf(fst(l))==intOf(fst(lq))) {
			Int f = intOf(snd(l)) - intOf(snd(lq));
			return (f==0) ? thd3(hd(qs)) : ap2(nameAddEv,
							   mkInt(f),
							   thd3(hd(qs)));
		    }
		}
	    }
	    return NIL;
	}
    }
    else {
#endif

#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
    if (showInstRes) {
	for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	  fputc(' ', stdout);
	fputs("inEntails: ", stdout);
	printContext(stdout,copyPreds(ps));
	fputs(" ||- ", stdout);
	printPred(stdout, copyPred(pi, o));
	fputc('\n', stdout);
    }
#endif

    ins = findInstsFor(pi,o);
    for (; nonNull(ins); ins=tl(ins)) {
        in = snd(hd(ins));
	if (nonNull(in)) {
	    Int  beta = fst(hd(ins));
	    Cell e    = inst(in).builder;
	    Cell es   = inst(in).specifics;

#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	    if (showInstRes) {
		for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
		  fputc(' ', stdout);
		fputs("try ", stdout);
		printContext(stdout, es);
		fputs(" => ", stdout);
		printPred(stdout, inst(in).head);
		fputc('\n', stdout);
	    }
#endif

	    for (; nonNull(es); es=tl(es)) {
		Cell ev = entail(ps,hd(es),beta,d);
		if (nonNull(ev))
		    e = ap(e,ev);
		else {
		    e = NIL;
		    break;
		}
	    }
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	    if (showInstRes)
		for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
		  fputc(' ', stdout);
#endif
	    if (nonNull(e)) {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
		if (showInstRes)
		    fprintf(stdout, "Sat\n");
#endif
		if (k > 0) {
		    if (instCompare (in_, in)) {
		        ERRMSG(0) "Multiple satisfiable instances for "
			ETHEN
			ERRPRED(copyPred(pi, o));
			ERRTEXT "\nin_ " ETHEN ERRPRED(inst(in_).head);
			ERRTEXT "\nin  " ETHEN ERRPRED(inst(in).head);
			ERRTEXT "\n"
			EEND;
		    }
		}
		if (k++ == 0) {
		    e_ = e;
		    in_ = in;
		}
		continue;
	    } else {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
		if (showInstRes)
		    fprintf(stdout, "not Sat\n");
#endif
		continue;
	    }
	}
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes) {
	    for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	      fputc(' ', stdout);
	    fprintf(stdout, "not Sat.\n");
	}
#endif
    }
    if (k > 0)
	return e_;
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
    if (showInstRes) {
	for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
	  fputc(' ', stdout);
	fprintf(stdout, "all not Sat.\n");
    }
#endif
    return NIL;
#if TREX
    }
#endif
}

static Bool local instComp_(ia,ib)	/* See if ia is an instance of ib  */
Inst ia, ib;{
    Int alpha = newKindedVars(inst(ia).kinds);
    Int beta  = newKindedVars(inst(ib).kinds);
    return matchPred(inst(ia).head,alpha,inst(ib).head,beta);
}

static Bool local instCompare (ia, ib)
Inst ia, ib;
{
    return instComp_(ia, ib) && instComp_(ib, ia);
}
#endif

Cell provePred(ks,ps,pi)                /* Find evidence for predicate pi  */
Kinds ks;                               /* assuming ps.  If ps is null,    */
List  ps;                               /* then we get to decide whether   */
Cell  pi; {                             /* is tautological, and we can use */
    Int  beta;                          /* the evidence as a dictionary.   */
    Cell ev;
    emptySubstitution();
    beta = newKindedVars(ks);           /* (ks provides kinds for any      */
    ps   = makePredAss(ps,beta);        /*  vars that appear in pi.)       */
    ev   = entail(ps,pi,beta,0);
    emptySubstitution();
    return ev;
}

Cell resolvePred(ks,pi)			/* Find evidence for predicate pi. */
Kinds ks;				/* Unlike `provePred', also uses   */
Cell  pi; {				/* desparate measures like context */
    Int  beta;				/* reduction and defaulting.       */
    List qs;

    emptySubstitution();
    beta = newKindedVars(ks);
    qs = makePredAss(cons(pi,NIL),beta);
    preds = qs;
    elimTauts();
    if (resolveDefs(NIL))
	elimTauts();
    emptySubstitution();
    return (nonNull(preds) ? NIL : thd3(hd(qs)));
}

#if TREX
static Cell local lacksNorm(t,o,e)	/* Normalize lacks pred (t,o)\l	   */
Type t;					/* returning NIL (unsatisfiable),  */
Int  o;					/* Int (tautological) or pair (v,a)*/
Cell e; {				/* such that, if e is evid for v\l,*/
    Text l = extText(e);		/* then (e+a) is evid for (t,o)\l. */
    Int  a = 0;
    for (;;) {
	Tyvar *tyv;
	deRef(tyv,t,o);
	if (tyv)
	    return pair(mkInt(tyvNum(tyv)),mkInt(a));
	else {
	    Cell h = getDerefHead(t,o);
	    if (h==typeNoRow && argCount==0)
		return mkInt(a);
	    else if (isExt(h) && argCount==2) {
		Text l1 = extText(h);
		if (l1==l)
		    return NIL;
		else if (strcmp(textToStr(l1),textToStr(l))<0)
		    a++;
		t = arg(t);
	    }
	    else
		return NIL;
	}
    }
}
#endif

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Predicate set Simplification:
 *
 * Calculate a minimal equivalent subset of a given set of predicates.
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static List local scSimplify(qs)	/* Simplify predicates in qs,      */
List qs; {				/* returning equiv minimal subset  */
    Int n = length(qs);

    while (0<n--) {
	Cell pi = hd(qs);
	Cell ev = NIL;
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	if (showInstRes) {
	    fputs("scSimplify: ", stdout);
	    printContext(stdout,copyPreds(tl(qs)));
	    fputs(" ||- ", stdout);
	    printPred(stdout, copyPred(fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi))));
	    fputc('\n', stdout);
	}
#endif
	ev = scEntail(tl(qs),fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi)),0);
	if (nonNull(ev)) {
#if EXPLAIN_INSTANCE_RESOLUTION
	    if (showInstRes)
	        fputs("Simplified!\n", stdout);
#endif
	    overEvid(thd3(pi),ev);	/* Overwrite dict var with evidence*/
	    qs      = tl(qs);		/* ... and discard predicate	   */
	}
	else {				/* Otherwise, retain predicate	   */
	    Cell tmp = tl(qs);
	    tl(qs)   = NIL;
	    qs       = appendOnto(tmp,qs);
	}
    }
    return qs;
}

List simpleContext(ps,o)		/* Simplify context of skeletons   */
List ps;				/* skeletons, offset o, using	   */
Int  o; {				/* superclass hierarchy		   */
    return copyPreds(scSimplify(makePredAss(ps,o)));
}

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Context splitting --- tautological and locally tautological predicates:
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static Void local elimTauts() {		/* Remove tautological constraints */
#if !HASKELL_98_ONLY
    if (haskell98) {			/* from preds			   */
#endif
	reducePreds();			/* (or context reduce for Hask98)  */
#if !HASKELL_98_ONLY
    } else {
	List ps = preds;
	preds   = NIL;
	while (nonNull(ps)) {
	    Cell pi = hd(ps);
	    Cell ev = entail(NIL,fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi)),0);
	    if (nonNull(ev)) {
		overEvid(thd3(pi),ev);
		ps = tl(ps);
	    }
	    else {
		List tmp = tl(ps);
		tl(ps)   = preds;
		preds    = ps;
		ps	     = tmp;
	    }
	}
    }
#endif
}

static Int numFixedVars = 0;		/* Number of fixed vars found	   */

static Bool local anyGenerics(t,o)	/* Test for generic vars, and count*/
Type t;					/* fixed variables		   */
Int  o; {
    Type h = getDerefHead(t,o);		/* This code is careful to expand  */
    Int  a = argCount;			/* synonyms; mark* & copy* do not. */
    if (isSynonym(h) && a>=tycon(h).arity) {
	expandSyn(h,a,&t,&o);
	return anyGenerics(t,o);
    }
    else {
	Tyvar* tyv;
	for (; 0<a--; t=fun(t)) {	/* cycle through any arguments	   */
	    deRef(tyv,t,o);
	    if (anyGenerics(arg(t),o))
		return TRUE;
	}
	deRef(tyv,t,o);
	if (tyv)
	    if (tyv->offs == FIXED_TYVAR) {
		numFixedVars++;
		return FALSE;
	    }
	    else
		return TRUE;
	else
	    return FALSE;
    }
}

static List local elimOuterPreds(sps)	/* Simplify and defer any remaining*/
List sps; {				/* preds that contain no generics. */
    List qs = NIL;
    elimTauts();
    for (preds=scSimplify(preds); nonNull(preds); ) {
	Cell pi = hd(preds);
	Cell nx = tl(preds);
	if (anyGenerics(fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi)))
	    || !isAp(fst3(pi))
	    || isIP(fun(fst3(pi)))) {
	    tl(preds) = qs;				/* Retain predicate*/
	    qs	      = preds;
	}
	else {						/* Defer predicate */
	    tl(preds) = sps;
	    sps       = preds;
	}
	preds = nx;
    }
    preds = qs;
    return sps;
}

static List local elimPredsUsing(ps,sps)/* Try to discharge or defer preds,*/
List ps;				/* splitting if necessary to match */
List sps; {				/* context ps.  sps = savePreds.   */
    List rems = NIL;
    while (nonNull(preds)) {		/* Pick a predicate from preds	   */
	Cell p  = preds;
	Cell pi = fst3(hd(p));
	Int  o  = intOf(snd3(hd(p)));
	Cell ev = entail(ps,pi,o,0);
	preds   = tl(preds);

	if (nonNull(ev)) {		/* Discharge if ps ||- (pi,o)	   */
	    overEvid(thd3(hd(p)),ev);
	} else if (!isAp(pi) || isIP(fun(pi)) || !anyGenerics(pi,o)) {
	    tl(p) = sps;		/* Defer if no generics		   */
	    sps   = p;
	}
	else {				/* Try to split generics and fixed */
	    Inst in;
	    if (numFixedVars>0 && nonNull(in=findInstFor(pi,o))) {
		List qs = inst(in).specifics;
		for (ev=inst(in).builder; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs))
		    ev = ap(ev,assumeEvid(hd(qs),typeOff));
		overEvid(thd3(hd(p)),ev);
	    }
	    else {			/* No worthwhile progress possible */
		tl(p) = rems;
		rems  = p;
	    }
	}
    }
    preds = rems;			/* Return any remaining predicates */
    return sps;
}

static Void local reducePreds() {	/* Context reduce predicates: uggh!*/
    List rems = NIL;         		/* (A last resort for defaulting)  */
    while (nonNull(preds)) {		/* Pick a predicate from preds	   */
	Cell p  = preds;
	Cell pi = fst3(hd(p));
	Int  o  = intOf(snd3(hd(p)));
	Inst in = NIL;
#if MULTI_INST
	List ins = NIL;
	if (multiInstRes) {
	    ins = findInstsFor(pi,o);
	    in = nonNull(ins) && isNull(tl(ins)) ? snd(hd(ins)) : NIL;
	} else
#endif
	    in = findInstFor(pi,o);
	preds   = tl(preds);
	if (nonNull(in)) {
	    List qs = inst(in).specifics;
	    Cell ev = inst(in).builder;
	    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs))
		ev = ap(ev,assumeEvid(hd(qs),typeOff));
	    overEvid(thd3(hd(p)),ev);
	}
	else {				/* No worthwhile progress possible */
	    tl(p) = rems;
	    rems  = p;
	}
    }
    preds = scSimplify(rems);		/* Return any remaining predicates */
}

static Void local normPreds(line)	/* Normalize each element of preds */
Int line; {				/* in some appropriate manner	   */
#if TREX
    List ps = preds;
    List pr = NIL;
    while (nonNull(ps)) {
	Cell pi = fst3(hd(ps));
	Cell ev = thd3(hd(ps));
	if (isAp(pi) && isExt(fun(pi))) {
	    Cell r = lacksNorm(arg(pi),intOf(snd3(hd(ps))),fun(pi));
	    if (isNull(r)) {
		ERRMSG(line) "Cannot satisfy constraint " ETHEN
		ERRPRED(copyPred(pi,intOf(snd3(hd(ps)))));
		ERRTEXT      "\n"
		EEND;
	    }
	    else if (isInt(r)) {
		overEvid(ev,r);
		ps = tl(ps);
		if (isNull(pr))
		    preds  = ps;
		else
		    tl(pr) = ps;
	    }
	    else if (intOf(snd(r))!=0) {
		Cell nd  = inventDictVar();
		Cell ev1 = ap2(nameAddEv,snd(r),nd);
		pi       = ap(fun(pi),aVar);
		hd(ps)   = triple(pi,fst(r),nd);
		overEvid(ev,ev1);
		pr       = ps;
		ps       = tl(ps);
	    }
	    else {
		fst3(hd(ps)) = ap(fun(pi),fst(r));
		pr = ps;
		ps = tl(ps);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    pr = ps;
	    ps = tl(ps);
	}
    }
#endif
}

/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Mechanisms for dealing with defaults:
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static Bool local resolveDefs(vs)	/* Attempt to resolve defaults  */
List vs; {				/* for variables vs subject to  */
    List pvs       = NIL;		/* constraints in preds		*/
    List qs        = preds;
    Bool defaulted = FALSE;

#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
    Printf("Attempt to resolve variables ");
    printExp(stdout,vs);
    Printf(" with context ");
    printContext(stdout,copyPreds(preds));
    Printf("\n");
#endif

    resetGenerics();			/* find type variables in ps	*/
    for (; nonNull(qs); qs=tl(qs)) {
	Cell pi = fst3(hd(qs));
	Int  o  = intOf(snd3(hd(qs)));
	for (; isAp(pi); pi=fun(pi))
	    pvs = genvarType(arg(pi),o,pvs);
    }

    for (; nonNull(pvs); pvs=tl(pvs)) {	/* now try defaults		*/
	Int vn = intOf(hd(pvs));

#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
	Printf("is var %d included in ",vn);
	printExp(stdout,vs);
	Printf("?\n");
#endif

	if (!intIsMember(vn,vs))
	    defaulted |= resolveVar(vn);
#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
	else
	    Printf("Yes, so no ambiguity!\n");
#endif
    }

    return defaulted;
}

static Bool local resolveVar(vn)	/* Determine whether an ambig.  */
Int  vn; {				/* variable vn can be resolved  */
    List ps        = preds;		/* by default in the context of */
    List cs	   = NIL;		/* the predicates in ps		*/
    Bool aNumClass = FALSE;

    if (tyvar(vn)->bound == SKOLEM)
	return FALSE;

    /* According to the Haskell definition, we can only default an ambiguous
     * variable if the set of classes that constrain it:
     *   (a) includes at least one numeric class.
     *   (b) includes only numeric or standard classes.
     * In addition, we will not allow a variable to be defaulted unless it
     * appears only in predicates of the form (Class var).
     */

#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
    Printf("Trying to default variable %d\n",vn);
#endif

    for (; nonNull(ps); ps=tl(ps)) {
	Cell  pi = hd(ps);
	Class c  = classConstraining(vn,fst3(pi),intOf(snd3(pi)));
	if (nonNull(c)) {
	    if (c==classRealFrac   || c==classRealFloat ||
		c==classFractional || c==classFloating  ||
		c==classReal	   || c==classIntegral  || c==classNum)
		aNumClass = TRUE;
	    else if (c!=classEq    && c!=classOrd  && c!=classShow &&
		     c!=classRead  && c!=classIx   && c!=classEnum &&
#if EVAL_INSTANCES
		     c!=classEval  &&
#endif
		     c!=classBounded)
		return FALSE;

	    {	Type  t = arg(fst3(pi));/* Check for single var as arg	   */
		Int   o = intOf(snd3(pi));
		Tyvar *tyv;
		deRef(tyv,t,o);
		if (!tyv || tyvNum(tyv)!=vn)
		    return FALSE;
	    }
	    if (!cellIsMember(c,cs))
		cs = cons(c,cs);
	}
    }

    /* Now find the first class (if any) in the list of defaults that
     * is an instance of all of the required classes.
     *
     * If we get this far, then cs only mentions classes from the list
     * above, all of which have only a single parameter of kind *.
     */

    if (aNumClass) {
	List ds = defaultDefns;		/* N.B. guaranteed to be monotypes */
#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
	Printf("Default conditions met, looking for type\n");
#endif
	for (; nonNull(ds); ds=tl(ds)) {
	    List cs1 = cs;
	    while (nonNull(cs1) && nonNull(entail(NIL,ap(hd(cs1),hd(ds)),0,0)))
		cs1 = tl(cs1);
	    if (isNull(cs1)) {
		bindTv(vn,hd(ds),0);
#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
		Printf("Default type for variable %d is ",vn);
		printType(stdout,hd(ds));
		Printf("\n");
#endif
		return TRUE;
	    }
	}
    }

#ifdef DEBUG_DEFAULTS
    Printf("No default permitted/found\n");
#endif
    return FALSE;
}

static Class local classConstraining(vn,pi,o)
Int  vn;				/* Return class constraining var*/
Cell pi;				/* vn in predicate pi, or NIL if*/
Int  o; { 				/* vn is not involved		*/
    for (; isAp(pi); pi=fun(pi))
	if (!doesntOccurIn(tyvar(vn),arg(pi),o))
	    return getHead(pi);
    return NIL;
}

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
